regulation of cell division

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells. [GOC:go_curators]

Cell division, the process by which a single cell divides into two or more daughter cells, is a fundamental process for all living organisms. It is tightly regulated to ensure proper growth and development, and to maintain tissue homeostasis. The regulation of cell division is a complex process involving a multitude of factors, including growth factors, hormones, and intracellular signaling pathways.

One key aspect of cell division regulation is the control of the cell cycle, which consists of a series of distinct phases that lead to the duplication of the cell's genetic material and its separation into two daughter cells. The cell cycle is driven by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which are enzymes that phosphorylate and activate target proteins. CDKs are regulated by cyclins, a family of proteins that fluctuate in concentration throughout the cell cycle.

Growth factors, such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), stimulate cell proliferation by activating intracellular signaling pathways that ultimately lead to the expression of genes involved in cell cycle progression. Hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone, can also influence cell division by regulating the expression of growth factors and other signaling molecules.

Cell division is also regulated by checkpoints that monitor the integrity of the cell cycle and ensure that DNA replication and chromosome segregation occur correctly. The G1 checkpoint, for example, ensures that the cell has sufficient nutrients and growth factors before proceeding to DNA replication. The G2 checkpoint verifies that DNA replication is complete and that there are no errors in the duplicated DNA. The M checkpoint, also known as the spindle checkpoint, ensures that all chromosomes are properly attached to the mitotic spindle before the sister chromatids are separated.

In addition to these checkpoints, several other mechanisms contribute to the regulation of cell division. These include:

* **DNA damage response:** When DNA damage is detected, cells can arrest the cell cycle at specific checkpoints to allow for DNA repair before proceeding to mitosis. This ensures that damaged DNA is not passed on to daughter cells.
* **Apoptosis:** If DNA damage is too severe or if other errors occur during cell division, cells can undergo programmed cell death, known as apoptosis, to eliminate damaged or potentially cancerous cells.
* **Cellular senescence:** Cells can enter a state of irreversible growth arrest known as senescence in response to stress or damage. This can prevent the uncontrolled proliferation of damaged or potentially cancerous cells.

The regulation of cell division is a delicate balance between stimulatory and inhibitory signals. Dysregulation of this process can lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation, which can contribute to the development of cancer. Conversely, insufficient cell division can result in developmental defects or impaired tissue regeneration.

In summary, the regulation of cell division is a complex and essential process that involves multiple factors and checkpoints. Understanding the mechanisms that control cell division is crucial for our understanding of normal development, disease pathogenesis, and potential therapeutic interventions.'
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Proteins (4)

Compounds (110)