morphinans and Body-Weight

Topics: Animals; Astrocytes; Body Weight; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental; Female; Inflammasomes; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microglia; Morphinans; Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; Peptide Fragments; Pyroptosis; Random Allocation; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; Spinal Cord

Sinomenine, a pure alkaloid isolated in Chinese medicine from the root of Sinomenium acutum, has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are gradually being recognized as critical mediators of disease pathogenesis via coordinated regulation of molecular effector pathways.. After colitis was induced in mice by instillation of 5% (w/v) 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS), sinomenine at a dose of 100 or 200 mg/kg was orally administered once daily for 7 days. We evaluated body weight, survival rate, diarrhea score, histological score and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. The mRNA and protein expression levels of miR-155, c-Maf, TNF-α and IFN-γ were determined by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Sinomenine (100 or 200 mg/kg)-treated mice with TNBS-induced colitis were significantly improved in terms of body weight, survival rate, diarrhea score, histological score and MPO activity compared with untreated mice. Both dosages of sinomenine significantly decreased the mRNA and protein expression levels of c-Maf, TNF-α and IFN-γ, which elevated in TNBS-induced colitis. Furthermore, sinomenine at a dose of 200 mg/kg significantly decreased the level of miR-155 expression by 71% (p = 0.025) compared with untreated TNBS-induced colitis in mice.. Our study evaluated the effects and potential mechanisms of sinomenine in the anti-inflammatory response via miRNA-155 in mice with TNBS-induced colitis. Our findings suggest that sinomenine has anti-inflammatory effects on TNBS-induced colitis by down-regulating the levels of miR-155 and several related inflammatory cytokines.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Body Weight; Colitis; Interferon-gamma; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; MicroRNAs; Morphinans; Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Sinomenine is a pure alkaloid extracted from the Chinese medical plant Sinomenium acutum. It was demonstrated that sinomenine had anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects in the previous studies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate therapeutic effects of sinomenine on 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) induced colitis in mice. Two hours following colonic instillation of TNBS, sinomenine with several doses (30, 100, 200 mg/kg) was given by gastric gavage once daily for 7 days. Comparing with the saline-treated mice with TNBS-induced colitis, sinomenine (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg)-treated mice with TNBS-induced colitis were shown improvements of weight loss, macroscopic score, histological score, and myeloperoxidase activity. Moreover, treatments with sinomenine (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) decreased the up-regulated mRNA and protein levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) caused by TNBS. Our findings suggest that sinomenine attenuates TNBS-induced colitis in mice and the therapeutic mechanism might be related to the reduction of up-regulated colonic TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma production caused by TNBS.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Body Weight; Colitis; Colon; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Interferon-gamma; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Morphinans; Peroxidase; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger; Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

To explore the effect of sinomenine on the nitric oxide (NO)/neural nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) system in the cerebellum and spinal cord of morphine-dependent and morphine-withdrawal Kunming mice, mice were subjected to injection of morphine with an increasing dose for 5 d, and then were treated with sinomenine (40 mg/kg, i.p.) for another 5 d. Naloxone was used to develop acute withdrawal, and the withdrawal syndromes, including teeth chattering, twisting, straightening, sneezing and ptosis, were investigated. nNOS mRNA expressions in the cerebellum and spinal cord were determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. nNOS activity and NO level were determined by the chemistry-colorimetry and nitrate reductase-reduction, respectively. The results obtained were as follows: (1) Sinomenine restored the decrease in body weight and alleviated the signs of morphine-withdrawal in mice. (2) Sinomenine also reduced the increases in nNOS mRNA expression and nNOS activity resulting from morphine-dependence, and simultaneously attenuated the high level of NO in both tissues following morphine-withdrawal. (3) Administration of sinomenine alone did not develop physical dependence in mice. The results obtained indicate that sinomenine may attenuate morphine addiction and significantly alleviate morphine-withdrawal symptoms, and the mechanism may be associated with the effect of sinomenine on the NO/nNOS system in the cerebellum and spinal cord.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cerebellum; Male; Mice; Morphinans; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger; Spinal Cord; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome

To study on the detoxification effect of sinamine in morphine-dependent rats.. Morphine-dependent rats were induced by injecting morphine on dosage increasing by degrees, then treated with medication. The withdrawal symptoms, body weight and NE, DA, 5-HT in the brain were tested.. Sinamine could alleviate withdrawal symptom, reablement body weight, inhibit neurotransmitter in the brain.. Sinamine have effects on morphine-dependent rats which may relate to modulating neurotransmitter.

Topics: Animals; Biogenic Monoamines; Body Weight; Brain; Dopamine; Male; Morphinans; Morphine Dependence; Norepinephrine; Rats; Serotonin; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome

Chronic treatment with naloxone (Nx) or naltrexone (Ntx) induces paradoxical analgesia. In the present study, the effects of chronic treatment with opioid receptor antagonists, such as nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) for kappa and naltrindole (NTI) for delta receptors, on analgesic response using the hot plate test and on morphine physical dependence in rats were examined. The hot plate latency was significantly increased by pretreatment with Nx (5 mg/kg, s.c.), nor-BNI (20 mg/kg, i.p.) or NTI (20 mg/kg, i.p.) for 5 days. After chronic pretreatment with these antagonists, the rats were treated with morphine-admixed food (0.5 mg/g of food) for 3 days. Chronic pretreatment with Nx and NTI significantly increased Nx precipitated body weight loss in morphine dependent rats, while chronic pretreatment with nor-BNI produced small increase. These results indicate that chronic treatment with nor-BNI or NTI as well as with Nx induces obviously paradoxical analgesia, and that chronic blockade of mu or delta may enhance the development of physical dependence on morphine.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Indoles; Male; Morphinans; Morphine; Naloxone; Naltrexone; Narcotic Antagonists; Pain Measurement; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Substance-Related Disorders

1. Administration of 10 micrograms kg-1 of the long lasting potent kappa- and weaker mu-opioid agonist N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-19-isopentylnororvinol (M320) twice daily from day 20 of gestation prolonged the internal gestation period of the rat and retarded the development of the offspring in the perinatal period. 2. The capacities of myometrial, placental and cervical tissues to produce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were not affected by M320 treatment. 3. During the period in which parturition normally occurred in saline-treated rats, foetal pituitary levels of immunoreactive oxytocin (ir-OXY) but not immunoreactive arginine-vasopressin (ir-AVP) were greater in M320-compared to saline-treated animals. Following the completion of parturition, foetal pituitary ir-OXY and ir-AVP levels continued to rise in saline-treated rats, but fell dramatically in rats treated subacutely with M320. 4. These data indicate that subacute treatment with M320 may inhibit foetal oxytocin release at term. This foetal OXY release may be a stimulus for the initiation of labour.

Topics: Animals; Arginine Vasopressin; Body Weight; Cervix Uteri; Dinoprostone; Female; Gestational Age; Labor, Obstetric; Morphinans; Myometrium; Oxytocin; Pituitary Gland; Placenta; Pregnancy; Radioimmunoassay; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Time Factors

The increased urine output after injection of the kappa agonist bremazocine was determined in rats of various body weights. Rats of all sizes were sensitive to the diuretic effect of bremazocine. The total diuretic effect was greater in heavier animals. The urine output plateaued between 4-5 ml/100 g body weight irrespective of body weight at the higher doses of bremazocine.

Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Benzomorphans; Body Weight; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Male; Morphinans; Rats; Urination

Uremia results in a decrease in food intake. In the present study we investigated whether opiates known to stimulate feeding would alter food intake in rats made uremic by 1 and 5/6 nephrectomy. Morphine increased food intake in sham nephrectomized rats, but failed to alter food intake in uremic animals and depressed the ingestion of rat chow in a group of weight restricted rats. Butorphanol tartrate increased feeding in sham and uremic animals but did not alter intake in the weight restricted group. Higher doses of butorphanol were needed to stimulate feeding in the uremic rats compared to the sham group, suggesting a relative resistance to opioid-induced feeding in the uremic rats. The opiate antagonist, naloxone, suppressed food intake in the uremic and sham groups more effectively than in the weight restricted rats. These data suggest that the opioid feeding system functions in a reduced fashion in uremic rats, but probably is not the sole factor involved in producing the anorexia associated with uremia.

Topics: Animals; Anorexia; Body Weight; Butorphanol; Endorphins; Feeding Behavior; Male; Morphinans; Morphine; Naloxone; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Uremia

Six pigeons, trained to peck a response key on a fixed-ratio 20 schedule of food reinforcement, were used to examine the effects of morphine, naltrexone, and dextrorphan, before, during, and after chronic treatment with increasing doses of morphine (10.0-100.0 mg/kg/day). Tolerance developed to the rate-decreasing effect of the daily maintenance doses of morphine within 2 days of each dose increase. A small amount of tolerance to morphine and supersensitivity to naltrexone was evident within the 1st week of morphine treatment (10.0 mg/kg/day). Continued administration of morphine (32.0-100.0 mg/kg/day) produced further tolerance to morphine and supersensitivity to naltrexone, as evidenced by a 5-fold increase in the dose of morphine, and 1,000-fold decrease in the dose of naltrexone, necessary to suppress responding. By the 4th week of treatment (100.0 mg/kg/day), a modest tolerance had also developed to the rate-decreasing effects of dextrorphan. Suppression of responding by naltrexone, but not morphine or destrorphan, was accompanied by a loss in body weight over the 1- to 2-h session in morphine-maintained pigeons; both weight loss and reduced response rates also occurred on termination of morphine treatment. Sensitivity to the rate-decreasing effects of morphine and naltrexone was near normal within 10 days following termination of morphine treatment. The dramatic changes in sensitivity to naltrexone and morphine produced by daily morphine injections, as well as the ability to generate complete dose-effect curves within a single session, indicate that this behavioral preparation may provide sensitive concurrent measures of narcotic tolerance and supersensitivity to antagonists in the pigeon.

Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Body Weight; Columbidae; Conditioning, Operant; Dextrorphan; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Tolerance; Morphinans; Morphine; Naloxone; Naltrexone; Stereoisomerism

The racemate and optical isomers of the C-homobenzomorphans, 1,4-dimethyl-10-hydroxy-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-1,6-methano-1H-4-benzaz onine, were evaluated in a number of assays sensitive to narcotics of different types. All three C-homobenzomorphans were active in vitro in guinea pig ileum, mouse vas deferens, and rat brain membrane binding assays, but were of low potency. These C-homobenzomorphans showed different profiles of in vivo activity. The (+)-isomer and racemate were active as agonists in the tail-flick assay, whereas the (-)-isomer was inactive. At higher doses, the (-)-isomer and the racemate behaved as antagonists of morphine in the tail-flick assay. All three compounds were active in the phenylquinone test, but naloxone did not block this effect. In addition, all three were potent in the hot-plate test. Neither of the isomers substituted for morphine in dependent rats or monkeys. However, the (+)-isomer precipitated withdrawal in these monkeys. The (-)-isomer produced opioid-like physical dependence in both rats and monkeys. Some of the implications regarding the results with these remarkable homobenzomorphans are discussed.

Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Benzomorphans; Benzoquinones; Binding, Competitive; Body Weight; Etorphine; Guinea Pigs; In Vitro Techniques; Macaca mulatta; Male; Mice; Morphinans; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Smooth; Quinones; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reaction Time; Stereoisomerism; Substance-Related Disorders

Although chronic administration of naloxone has been reported to reduce food intake and body weight in rats, there have been no comparable investigations using a nonhuman primate. We examined the effects of repeated injections of two long acting opiate antagonists - naltrexone and diprenorphine - on the ad libitum intake of a nutritional complete liquid diet and on body weight in squirrel monkeys. Naltrexone binds with highest affinity to the mu opioid receptor whereas diprenorphine binds with equally high affinity to several subtypes of opioid receptor. Diprenorphine (ED50 = 0.01 mg/kg) was 22 times more potent than naltrexone (ED50 = 0.22 mg/kg) in decreasing 2 h food intake, suggesting that more than one opioid receptor subtype may be involved in the anorectic effects of opiate antagonists. A 1.0 mg/kg dose of drug reduced 24 h food intake by 50% and was associated with a weekly reduction in body weight of 4 and 5% for naltrexone and diprenorphine, respectively. Thus, in contrast with shorter time intervals, 24 h food intakes were similar for the two drugs, and this was associated with comparable body weight profiles. The decreases in food intake and body weight remained constant over the period of drug administration. Some monkeys showed profuse salivation and "wet dog shakes" after 4 days of treatment with the 1.0 mg/kg dose but not after 1 day. Therefore, opiate antagonists given chronically to monkeys reduced food intake and body weight in a dose-dependent manner with no evidence of tolerance to these effects.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Diprenorphine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drinking; Eating; Female; Humans; Male; Morphinans; Naloxone; Naltrexone; Rats; Receptors, Opioid; Receptors, Opioid, kappa; Saimiri; Salivation

In the preceding study, neonatal deaths were observed when an analgesic, butorphanol tartrate (BT), was administered subcutaneously to female rats during the perinatal and lactating periods. In the present study, cross-fostering using CRJ:CD (Sprague-Dawley) rats was employed to clarify the cause of death. When the litters naturally delivered from dams receiving BT (25 mg/kg/day, s.c.) during the perinatal period were switched among one another within the BT-treated dams or placed with control (saline-treated) dams, the viability of newborns on postpartum day 3 was significantly lowered. Since some of the BT-treated dams were observed to neglect the delivery cares that were fundamental to dams such as removing amnions, umbilical cords and placentas, as well as gathering and lactating to newborns immediately after natural delivery, it was considered that death after cross-fostering was the result of the pups being emaciated before cross-fostering. This finding was supported by the fact that a significant elevation in the viability was revealed when the newborns Cesarean-delivered from BT-treated dams were placed with control or untreated dams. No significant effects of BT were observed on the viability and body weight of newborns at birth and on those of pups from postpartum day 3 through the weaning day.

Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Body Weight; Butorphanol; Female; Lactation; Male; Maternal Behavior; Morphinans; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains

Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Body Weight; Buprenorphine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Macaca mulatta; Male; Morphinans; Morphine; Reinforcement, Psychology

Topics: Animals; Body Temperature; Body Weight; Dextrorphan; Diet; Feeding Behavior; Levorphanol; Male; Morphinans; Rats; Stereoisomerism; Time Factors

Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Apomorphine; Behavior, Animal; Body Weight; Chlorpromazine; Dronabinol; Humans; Mice; Morphinans; Morphine; Pain; Pentobarbital; Rats; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone

Topics: Aminopyrine; Aniline Compounds; Animals; Biotransformation; Body Weight; Cytochrome c Group; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Cytochrome Reductases; Diet; Electron Transport; Female; In Vitro Techniques; Liver; Male; Microsomes, Liver; Morphinans; NADP; Organ Size; Phenobarbital; Proteins; Rats; Riboflavin Deficiency; Sex Factors; Time Factors

Topics: Amino Acids; Aniline Compounds; Animals; Body Weight; Cytochrome Reductases; Diet; Glutens; Liver; Male; Microsomes, Liver; Morphinans; NADP; Organ Size; Proteins; Rats

Topics: Animals; Benzopyrenes; Body Weight; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Dealkylation; Depression, Chemical; Female; Fetus; Hexobarbital; Hydroxylation; Kinetics; Liver; Microsomes, Liver; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Morphinans; Organ Size; Phenobarbital; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Animal; Proteins; Rats; Sleep; Time Factors; Uterus

Topics: Aniline Compounds; Animals; Body Weight; Cytochrome c Group; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Cytochrome Reductases; Dietary Proteins; Enzyme Induction; Hemeproteins; Kinetics; Liver; Male; Methylcholanthrene; Methyltransferases; Microsomes, Liver; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Morphinans; Organ Size; Phosphatidylcholines; Protein Binding; Protein Deficiency; Proteins; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet

Topics: Analgesics; Anesthetics; Aniline Compounds; Animals; Body Weight; Deer; Drug Combinations; Female; Immobilization; Male; Morphinans; Pentanols; Thiazines; Time Factors; Xylenes

Topics: Aniline Compounds; Animals; Benzofurans; Benzopyrans; Body Weight; Clofibrate; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Dioxins; Enzyme Induction; Hypolipidemic Agents; Liver; Male; Microsomes, Liver; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Morphinans; Organ Size; Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Phenobarbital; Proteins; Rats; Structure-Activity Relationship

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Antipyrine; Body Weight; Contraceptives, Oral; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Dealkylation; Drug Combinations; Female; Half-Life; Humans; Liver; Mestranol; Microsomes, Liver; Morphinans; Norethynodrel; Organ Size; Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating; Phenylbutazone; Proteins; Rats; Time Factors

Topics: Aniline Compounds; Animals; Body Weight; Cyclophosphamide; Depression, Chemical; Enzyme Activation; Fluorouracil; Liver; Male; Microsomes, Liver; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Morphinans; Organ Size; Oxidoreductases; Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating; Pentobarbital; Proteins; Rats; Sleep

Topics: Anemia, Hypochromic; Animals; Body Weight; Cytochromes; Deficiency Diseases; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Induction; Female; Iron; Iron Isotopes; Iron Radioisotopes; Liver; Microsomes, Liver; Morphinans; Organ Size; Oxygenases; Phenobarbital; Pregnancy; Rats

Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Body Temperature; Body Weight; Dogs; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Haloperidol; Hot Temperature; Humans; Morphinans; Morphine; Morphine Dependence; Naloxone; Propranolol; Pulse; Pupil; Reflex; Respiration; Skin; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Time Factors

Topics: Aniline Compounds; Animals; Body Weight; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Cytochrome Reductases; Cytochromes; Dietary Proteins; Female; Flavin Mononucleotide; Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide; Haplorhini; Heme; Kinetics; Liver; Macaca; Methyltransferases; Microsomes, Liver; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Morphinans; Organ Size; Phospholipids; Protein Deficiency; Riboflavin

Topics: 5-Aminolevulinate Synthetase; Aniline Compounds; Animals; Body Weight; Diet; Enzyme Induction; Estradiol; Female; Glucuronosyltransferase; Liver; Male; Methyltransferases; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Morphinans; Organ Size; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Rats; Sex Factors; Tritium

Topics: Aniline Compounds; Animals; Anisoles; Body Weight; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Glucuronosyltransferase; Insecticides; Liver; Male; Microsomes, Liver; Mirex; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Morphinans; Organ Size; Oxidoreductases; Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating; Pesticide Residues; Rats

Topics: Aniline Compounds; Animals; Body Weight; Coturnix; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene; Diet; Female; Insecticides; Male; Microsomes; Microsomes, Liver; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Morphinans; Myocardium; Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating; Rats; Species Specificity

Topics: Analgesics; Anesthesia, General; Animals; Autopsy; Body Weight; Deer; Morphinans

Topics: Anesthesia; Aniline Compounds; Animals; Body Weight; Caseins; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Dealkylation; Dietary Proteins; Drug Synergism; Glutens; Hexobarbital; Hydroxylation; Liver; Male; Microsomes, Liver; Morphinans; Organ Size; Phenobarbital; Proadifen; Proteins; Rats; Time Factors

Topics: Acepromazine; Anesthetics; Animals; Animals, Zoo; Body Weight; Deer; Drug Combinations; Morphinans; Sex Factors; United Kingdom

Topics: Acepromazine; Analgesics; Anesthesia, General; Animals; Apnea; Behavior, Animal; Body Weight; Drug Combinations; Injections, Intramuscular; Injections, Intravenous; Morphinans; Posture; Swine; Time Factors

Topics: Aniline Compounds; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Weight; Caseins; Cytochromes; Dealkylation; Dietary Proteins; DNA; Hydroxylation; Kinetics; Liver; Male; Microsomes, Liver; Morphinans; Organ Size; Phospholipids; Protein Deficiency; Proteins; Rats

Topics: Aniline Compounds; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Body Weight; Cytochromes; Guinea Pigs; Hexobarbital; Hydroxylation; Kinetics; Liver; Male; Microsomes, Liver; Morphinans; Organ Size; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Phenobarbital; Proteins; Time Factors

Topics: Abscess; Analgesia; Analgesics; Anesthesia; Animal Population Groups; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Artiodactyla; Body Weight; Drug Combinations; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Immobilization; Injections, Intramuscular; Morphinans; Neuroleptanalgesia; Perissodactyla; Thiazines; Tremor

Topics: Allyl Compounds; Apgar Score; Body Weight; Delivery, Obstetric; Ethers, Cyclic; Female; Fetus; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Maternal Age; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Meperidine; Morphinans; Pregnancy; Time Factors

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Dogs; Female; Hyperglycemia; Islets of Langerhans; Liver; Male; Maleates; Morphinans; Myositis; Organ Size; Pancreatic Diseases; Pancreatitis; Parasympatholytics; Piperidines; Rats

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Deer; Female; Hyperventilation; Male; Methotrimeprazine; Morphinans; Sex Factors; Sheep; Tranquilizing Agents

Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Antitussive Agents; Arteries; Barium Sulfate; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Cats; Codeine; Cough; Depression, Chemical; Dogs; Emetics; Ethers; Gastrointestinal Motility; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Mice; Morphinans; Phosphates; Rats; Respiration; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome

Topics: Aniline Compounds; Animals; Body Weight; Enzyme Induction; Hexobarbital; Liver; Male; Metabolism; Mice; Microsomes, Liver; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Morphinans; Organ Size; Oxidoreductases; Pentobarbital; Proteins; Sleep; Spironolactone; Testosterone

Topics: Analgesics; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antitussive Agents; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Cats; Central Nervous System; Cerebral Cortex; Codeine; Constipation; Dogs; Electrocardiography; Electroencephalography; Female; Guinea Pigs; Heart; Heart Rate; Histamine H1 Antagonists; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Mice; Morphinans; Nalorphine; Pentobarbital; Pentylenetetrazole; Rabbits; Rats; Respiration; Stimulation, Chemical; Thiopental; Time Factors

Topics: Acridines; Animals; Body Weight; Female; Fetus; Growth; Morphinans; Morphine; Nalorphine; Oxides; Pregnancy; Rats; Spleen; Stomach; Thiazoles

Topics: Allyl Compounds; Animals; Body Weight; Brain; Carbon Isotopes; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Cycloheximide; Drug Tolerance; Ethers, Cyclic; Female; Humans; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Injections, Intravenous; Injections, Subcutaneous; Kidney; Liver; Male; Mice; Morphinans; Morphine; Morphine Dependence; Pargyline; Serotonin; Time Factors

Topics: Acetates; Animals; Benzene Derivatives; Benzopyrenes; Body Weight; Cytochromes; Glycogen; Liver; Male; Methylcholanthrene; Microsomes; Morphinans; Organ Size; Phenobarbital; Rats; Stimulation, Chemical