colistin and Swine-Diseases

This study was conducted to determine the effects of the antimicrobial peptide cecropin on performance and intestinal health in piglets. Newly weaned barrows were randomly assigned to one of three treatments (n=8), including a corn-soybean basal diet or similar diets supplemented with antibiotics (100 mg/kg kitasamycin plus 800 mg/kg colistin sulfate) or 400 mg/kg cecropin AD. On day 13, all piglets were orally challenged with 10(9)CFU/mL of Escherichia coli K88. On day 19, all piglets were euthanized and sampled. Before challenge, piglets fed antibiotics had greater weight gain, feed efficiency, nitrogen and energy retention than the control (P<0.05). E. coli challenge decreased weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency for the control piglets (P<0.05) but not for the antibiotic or cecropin AD treated piglets. The incidence of diarrhea post-challenge in the antibiotic and cecropin AD treatments decreased compared with the control piglets. The total viable counts of cecal E. coli were lower while the Lactobacilli counts were higher in the antibiotic and cecropin AD treatments compared with the control (P<0.05). Cecropin AD treatment decreased total aerobes while increasing total anaerobes in the ileum (P<0.05). A higher villus height to crypt depth ratio in the jejunum and ileum as well as a deeper crypt depth in the jejunum and higher villus height in the ileum were observed in piglets fed antibiotics or cecropin AD compared with control piglets (P<0.05). Piglets fed the control diet had lower levels of secretory IgA in their jejunum and lower serum IgA, IgG, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 compared with the other treatments (P<0.05). Overall, these data suggest that cecropin AD enhances pig performance through increasing immune status and nitrogen and energy retention as well as reducing intestinal pathogens in weaned piglets.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Colistin; Diarrhea; Eating; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; Immunoglobulin G; Insect Proteins; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-6; Intestines; Kitasamycin; Lactobacillus; Swine; Swine Diseases; Weight Gain

Colistin resistance has been the subject of much attention since mcr genes encoding plasmid-mediated colistin resistance description in 2015. To date, surveillance data about resistance levels encountered in food-producing animals are scarce. In France, the Resapath dataset, consisting in a large collection of disk diffusion antibiogram results transmitted by a network of laboratories. It offers a unique opportunity to study the evolution of resistance towards colistin over the past 15 years in Escherichia coli isolated from diseased food-producing animals. This study used a Bayesian hierarchical Gaussian mixture model to estimate the resistant proportions from those data. This non-classical approach deals with the colistin-specific problem of overlapping distributions of diameters measured for susceptible and resistant isolates that makes the definition of epidemiological cut-off very hard. This model also considers the variability observed between the measurements performed by different laboratories. Proportion of resistant isolates has been calculated for several food-producing animals and most encountered diseases. From those estimations, a marked evolution of the proportions of resistant isolates is noticeable, for swine suffering from digestive disorders. In this group, an increase over the 2006-2011 period from 0.1% [ 0.0%, 1.2%] in 2006-28.6% [25.1%, 32.3%] in 2011 was followed by a decrease to reach 3.6% [2.3%;5.3%] in 2018. For isolates related to digestive disorders in calves, percentages increased and reached 7% in 2009 then decreased as for swine. In contrast, for poultry productions, estimated proportions and credibility intervals were constantly very close to zero.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bayes Theorem; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plasmids; Poultry; Swine; Swine Diseases

We monitored swine-derived Escherichia coli on a Japanese farm where colistin had been used for the treatment of diseases caused by bacteria and investigated colistin resistance and the presence of mcr-1 in 36 E. coli strains isolated before and after the withdrawal of colistin use. Through the withdrawal of colistin use on the farm, the prevalence of colistin-resistant and mcr-1-positive E. coli was markedly reduced but not eradicated because mcr-1 had been maintained in multiple plasmids and various sequence types of nonpathogenic E. coli carried in healthy swine. The monitoring of sequence types of mcr-1-positive E. coli is expected to be important for controlling colistin resistance in swine or other animals.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Farms; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plasmids; Swine; Swine Diseases

This study aimed to determine the percentage of colistin resistant and ESBL-producing Escherichia coli from clinically sick and healthy pigs and understand the molecular mechanisms underlying colistin resistance and ESBL production. A total of 454 E. coli isolates from healthy pigs (n = 354; piglets, n = 83; fattening pigs, n = 142 and sows, n = 100) and sick pigs (n = 100) were examined for antimicrobial susceptibility, chromosomal and plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanisms and ESBL genes. The healthy (41%) and sick pig (73%) isolates were commonly resistant to colistin. Three mcr genes including mcr-1 (10.4%), mcr-2 (1.1%) and mcr-3 (45%) were detected, of which mcr-3 was most frequently detected in the healthy (33%) and sick pig (57%) isolates. Coexistence of mcr-1/mcr-3 and mcr-2/mcr-3 was observed in piglets (23%), fattening pig (3.5%) and sick pig (13%) isolates. Three amino acid substitutions including E106A and G144S in PmrA and V161G in PmrB were observed only in colistin-resistant isolates carrying mcr-3. The percentage of ESBL-producing E. coli was significantly higher in the sick pigs (44%) than the healthy pigs (19.2%) (P = 0.00). The bla

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactamases; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Farms; Feces; Female; Genes, Bacterial; Genotype; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phenotype; Plasmids; Swine; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Feces; Mass Screening; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Swine; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chromosomes, Bacterial; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Plasmids; Swine; Swine Diseases; Taiwan; Transferases (Other Substituted Phosphate Groups); Whole Genome Sequencing

Long-term use of colistin for preventing Gram-negative bacterial infections in food animals was prohibited in Thailand in 2017, but it is permitted for short-term treatment. This study aimed to investigate association between the use of colistin for short-term treatment of infection and the emergence of colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in swine. The current study was conducted at 2 selected swine farms in Thailand. Neither farm has used colistin to prevent infection for longer than 1 year. Rectal swabs were collected from the same 66 pigs at birth, and on days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 60. Colistin was used to treat sick pigs for up to 3 days. Additional rectal swabs were collected during colistin treatment. Rectal swabs were analyzed for colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and the mcr-1 gene. Results revealed that colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae were absent at birth. Some pigs at both farms had diarrhea and received colistin treatment during days 2-27. Colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae were detected in 13.3-50.0% of sick and healthy pigs. No sick pigs were observed during days 28-60, and colistin was not used during that period. Colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae were detected in 2.8-10.0% of healthy pigs on day 28, and in 0-3.4% of healthy pigs on day 60. The mcr-1 gene was detected in 57.6% of colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates. Short-term treatment with colistin was found to be associated with the emergence of colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in swine. Colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae rapidly emerged after colistin use, and rapidly decreased or disappeared after its discontinuation.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Enterobacteriaceae; Farms; Female; Genes, Bacterial; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Male; Pregnancy; Sus scrofa; Swine; Swine Diseases; Thailand

To investigate the increasing prevalence of colistin resistance in animal Escherichia coli isolates and their mcr-1-carrying plasmids, especially those shared by isolates from human and retail meats.. E. coli from diseased swine and poultry recovered between 2012 and 2016 were studied. Susceptibility was determined using broth microdilution method or Vitek II system. Fifty-eight mcr-1-positive isolates were randomly selected for further testing, including pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) for clonality determination, S1- or I-CeuI-PFGE and Southern blotting for localization of mcr-1, and conjugation for transmissibility. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed for the genetic structure of plasmids.. Among the 1234 E. coli isolates from diseased swine, colistin resistance increased from 14.6% (14/96) in 2012 to 43.8% (63/144) in 2016 with a paralleled increase in mcr-1-positivity from 12.5% (12/96) to 33.3% (48/144) in 2016 (P < 0.001), but no such significant increase was observed in the 489 diseased poultry isolates. The 58 clonally diverse isolates were resistant to multiple antibiotics commonly used in humans. PFGE and Southern blotting revealed one chromosome-located mcr-1 and various mcr-1-borne plasmids, all of which were transferable to E. coli J53. WGS revealed that the prevalent 60-kb and 30-kb plasmid was the same as pHNSHP45 in China and pESTMCR in Estonia, respectively, which were both present in human isolates in Taiwan.. Increased colistin resistance and mcr-1-positivity in diseased swine isolates and detection of mcr-1 carried on similar plasmids in isolates from animals and humans stress the need to monitor resistance in both sectors.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; beta-Lactamases; Chromosomes; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Proteins; Estonia; Humans; Plasmids; Prevalence; Swine; Swine Diseases; Whole Genome Sequencing

In 2016, very high rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-ST398 (99%) were found in Portuguese pig farms that used colistin, amoxicillin, and zinc oxide as feed additives. Since then, farms A and B banned the use of colistin, and farm C banned the use of both antibiotics.. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of the ban of colistin and amoxicillin on pig MRSA carriage rates, clonal types and antimicrobial resistance, compared to the results obtained in 2016.. In 2018, 103 pigs (52 from farm B using amoxicillin only as a feed additive and 51 from farm C where no antibiotics were included in the feed regimen) were nasally swabbed for MRSA colonization. Isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, and characterised by spa typing, SCCmec typing and MLST. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed for representative isolates.. Overall, 96% of the pigs swabbed in 2018 carried MRSA, mostly ST398-SCCmec V-spa types t011/t108. MRSA from pigs not receiving antibiotics in the feed regimen showed susceptibility to a higher number of antibiotics, namely erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and chloramphenicol. Notably, most of these isolates (n = 52) presented an unusual erythromycin-susceptibility/clindamycin-resistance phenotype. WGS showed that these isolates lacked the erm and the lnu genes encoding resistance to macrolides and lincosamides, respectively, but carried the vgaALC gene encoding resistance to lincosamides, which is here firstly identified in S. aureus ST398.. After two years the ban of colistin and amoxicillin as feed additives had no significant impact on the MRSA nasal carriage rates. Nevertheless, the MRSA strains circulating in those farms showed resistance to a lower number of antibiotic classes.

Topics: Amoxicillin; Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carrier State; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Farms; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Nose; Portugal; Staphylococcal Infections; Swine; Swine Diseases; Whole Genome Sequencing

Colistin is the last line of therapy for infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. The objective of this study was to determine the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) isolated from swine samples in Malaysia.. A total of 46 swine K. pneumoniae strains isolated from 2013-2015 in Malaysia were analysed for the production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases and carbapenemase. The resistance traits and genetic diversity of these strains were characterised by polymerase chain reaction, conjugation, plasmid analysis, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.. Nineteen of 46 strains were multidrug resistant while 13 were resistant to colistin. The majority of colistin-resistant strains harboured bla. It is believed that this is the first report of colistin-resistant K. pneumoniae among swine strains associated with mcr-1 plasmid in Malaysia. Due to the emergence of β-lactam, carbapenem and colistin resistance, the use of colistin in animal husbandry and agriculture should be avoided to prevent treatment failure.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; beta-Lactamases; Carbapenems; Colistin; Conjugation, Genetic; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Genetic Variation; Genotype; Genotyping Techniques; Klebsiella Infections; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Malaysia; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plasmids; Swine; Swine Diseases

Here, we identified

Topics: Acinetobacter baumannii; Acinetobacter Infections; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; China; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Feces; Gene Transfer, Horizontal; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plasmids; Swine; Swine Diseases

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of composite antimicrobial peptide (CAP) on growth performance and health status in weaned piglets. Over 28 days, 36 weaned piglets (body weight, 10.58 ± 0.99 kg) underwent three treatments: negative control (NC, basal diet), positive control (PC, basal diet + 20 mg/kg colistin sulphate + 50 mg/kg kitasamycin), and CAP treatment (CAP, basal diet with 400 mg/kg CAP). Average daily gain of piglets fed the CAP diet was greater (P < 0.05) than that of piglets fed the PC or NC diet during days 1-7, 8-14 and 15-21. Diarrhea rates of piglets fed the CAP or PC diet were lower (P < 0.05) than those of NC-fed piglets during days 1-7. Apparent total tract digestibility for dry matter and crude ash in CAP-fed piglets was greater (P < 0.05) than that of NC-fed piglets. In the CAP group, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium counts were greater (P < 0.05) and Escherichia coli counts were lower (P < 0.05) than numbers for the NC group. Our results indicate that dietary CAP had beneficial effects on growth performance and health status in weaned piglets.

Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; Bacterial Load; Bifidobacterium; Colistin; Diarrhea; Diet; Digestion; Escherichia coli; Kitasamycin; Lactobacillus; Swine; Swine Diseases; Weaning; Weight Gain

Topics: Animals; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Humans; Japan; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Prevalence; Swine; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Humans; Swine; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Gene Transfer, Horizontal; Genes, Bacterial; Genotype; Interspersed Repetitive Sequences; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Plasmids; Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli; Swine; Swine Diseases; Virulence Factors

Colistin-resistant Escherichia coli are isolated from pigs suffering from post-weaning diarrhea (PWD). This study was designed to develop an experimental model of PWD using mcr-1-carrying shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) or enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), for the future evaluation of control measures. Three groups of eight piglets, kept in high biosecurity units, were orally inoculated with mcr-1-positive STEC or ETEC, and one unchallenged group was used as a control. Clinical signs were recorded. Regularly-collected fecal samples and samples obtained from the digestive tract of animals sacrificed one month after inoculation were cultured in selective media and isolates were characterized. Blood samples were used to genotype the polymorphisms of the pigs' intestinal receptors for F4 and F18 E. coli adhesins. Diarrhea was more frequent and more fecal samples contained the inoculated strain in the group inoculated with the O149-F4 ETEC strain than with the O141-F18 or O139-F18 STEC strains. However, fewer positive samples were obtained from the two pigs with the F4 resistant genotype. The three inoculated strains could be re-isolated up to the end of the experiment. Excretion peaked on the first week after inoculation with the O149-F4 ETEC strain, and later for the other two. An mcr-1 gene transfer to other commensal isolates was observed only for O139-F18 STEC, while the loss of mcr-1 from the inoculated strain occurred in all groups. The O149-F4 ETEC challenge may be used to evaluate alternative solutions to combat PWD caused by colistin-resistant E. coli in pigs.

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Colistin; Diarrhea; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Feces; Genotype; Swine; Swine Diseases; Weaning

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance genes in Escherichia coli from pigs affected by post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD).. DNA samples collected from 51 E. coli isolates from Italian pigs affected by PWD in 2015-2016 were studied. Isolates were classified as presumptively resistant to colistin by routine susceptibility testing and were investigated for the presence of the mcr-1 gene of plasmid origin by PCR. E. coli isolates testing negative for mcr-1 were analysed for the presence of a novel plasmid-mediated gene, mcr-2. Isolates were characterised for fimbrial [F4 (k88), F5 (k99), F6 (987P), F18 and F41] and toxin (LT, STa, STb and Stx2e) determinants by PCR as well as for the occurrence of haemolysis by phenotypic observation. Susceptibility to apramycin, cefquinome, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, gentamicin, tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT) was also determined by disk diffusion.. Most of the isolates showed the presence of at least one virulence factor, confirming their pathogenic potential. The presence of mcr-1 was shown in 37 (72.5%) of the 51 isolates. All of the mcr-1-negative isolates tested negative for the mcr-2 gene. Moreover, 80.4% of the isolates were resistant to apramycin, 9.8% to cefquinome, 54.9% to enrofloxacin, 52.9% to florfenicol, 76.5% to gentamicin, 96.1% to tetracycline and 78.4% to SXT.. This is the first report documenting the presence of the mcr-1 gene in pathogenic E. coli isolated from pigs affected by PWD in Italy.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Toxins; Colistin; Diarrhea; Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Fimbriae, Bacterial; Genes, Bacterial; Hemolysis; Italy; Swine; Swine Diseases; Virulence Factors; Weaning

A novel mcr colistin resistance gene was identified in a strain of Salmonella enterica, monophasic variant of serovar Typhimurium (4,5,12:i:- ), isolated from a pig at slaughter in Italy in 2013, and in Escherichia coli strains collected during routine diagnostic of post-weaning diarrhoea in pigs from Spain and Belgium in 2015 and 2016. Immediate implementation of mcr-screening including this novel gene variant is required for Salmonella and E. coli from humans and food-producing animals in Europe.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Belgium; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Italy; Plasmids; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella typhimurium; Spain; Swine; Swine Diseases

To determine the occurrence of mcr-1 and mcr-2 genes in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from healthy pigs in Great Britain.. Gram-negative bacteria (n = 657) isolated from pigs between 2014 and 2015 were examined by WGS.. Variants of mcr-1 and mcr-2 were identified in Moraxella spp. isolated from pooled caecal contents of healthy pigs at slaughter collected from six farms in Great Britain. Other bacteria, including Escherichia coli from the same farms, were not detected harbouring mcr-1 or mcr-2. A Moraxella porci-like isolate, MSG13-C03, harboured MCR-1.10 with 98.7% identity to MCR-1, and a Moraxella pluranimalium-like isolate, MSG47-C17, harboured an MCR-2.2 variant with 87.9% identity to MCR-2, from E. coli; the isolates had colistin MICs of 1-2 mg/L. No intact insertion elements were identified in either MSG13-C03 or MSG47-C17, although MSG13-C03 harboured the conserved nucleotides abutting the ISApl1 composite transposon found in E. coli plasmids and the intervening ∼2.6 kb fragment showed 97% identity. Six Moraxella osloensis isolates were positive for phosphoethanolamine transferase (EptA). They shared 62%-64.5% identity to MCR-1 and MCR-2, with colistin MICs from 2 to 4 mg/L. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that MCR and EptA have evolved from a common ancestor. In addition to mcr, the β-lactamase gene, blaBRO-1, was found in both isolates, whilst the tetracycline resistance gene, tetL, was found in MSG47-C17.. Our results add further evidence for the mobilization of the mcr-pap2 unit from Moraxella via composite transposons leading to its global dissemination. The presence of mcr-pap2 from recent Moraxella isolates indicates they may comprise a reservoir for mcr.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactamases; Colistin; DNA Transposable Elements; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Proteins; Farms; Gene Transfer, Horizontal; Genes, Bacterial; Genetic Variation; Humans; Membrane Proteins; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Moraxella; Moraxellaceae Infections; Phylogeny; Sus scrofa; Swine; Swine Diseases; United Kingdom

We screened mcr-1 and mcr-2 genes in 9,306 Escherichia coli strains isolated from healthy animals in the Japanese Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring (JVARM) system. mcr-1 was detected in 39 strains (5, 20, and 14 strains isolated from cattle, swine, and broilers, respectively), whereas mcr-2 was not detected. mcr-2 was also not detected with the investigation sequence homology search against our curated GenEpid-J database.

Topics: Animal Husbandry; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Chickens; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Gene Expression; Japan; Meat; Poultry Diseases; Prevalence; Protein Isoforms; Swine; Swine Diseases

Sixteen different sequence types (STs) of

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactamases; Carbapenems; China; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Gene Expression; Gene Transfer, Horizontal; Genetic Fitness; Genotype; Plasmids; Swine; Swine Diseases

The PCR amplification of ETEC virulence genes showed that nearly 100% of pigs excreted genes encoding for STa and STb toxins in the feces before the challenge. These genes, in the absence of the gene encoding F4, were considered as a marker for F4-negative ETEC. One day after ETEC: F4 oral challenge pigs in the two challenged groups excreted the genes encoding LT and F4 in the feces. These genes were considered as a marker for F4-positive ETEC. However, the gene encoding F18 was not detected in any fecal samples of the 4 groups throughout the experiment. After only 3 days of successive oral treatment with CS, a significant reduction in both the F4-positive and negative ETEC populations was observed in the challenged treated group compared to the challenged untreated group (p < 0.0001).. Our study is among the first to report that under controlled farming conditions, oral CS treatment had a significant effect on both fecal F4-positive and F4-negative ETEC in pigs. However, CS clinical efficiency was correlated with non-detection of F4-positive ETEC in the feces. Furthermore the fecal presence of F4-negative ETEC was not associated with clinical symptoms of post-weaning diarrhea in pigs.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Colistin; Diarrhea; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; Enterotoxins; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Feces; Genes, Bacterial; Sus scrofa; Swine; Swine Diseases; Virulence; Weaning

Topics: Animals; Colistin; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Plasmids; Polymyxins; Swine Diseases

Until now, polymyxin resistance has involved chromosomal mutations but has never been reported via horizontal gene transfer. During a routine surveillance project on antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli from food animals in China, a major increase of colistin resistance was observed. When an E coli strain, SHP45, possessing colistin resistance that could be transferred to another strain, was isolated from a pig, we conducted further analysis of possible plasmid-mediated polymyxin resistance. Herein, we report the emergence of the first plasmid-mediated polymyxin resistance mechanism, MCR-1, in Enterobacteriaceae.. The mcr-1 gene in E coli strain SHP45 was identified by whole plasmid sequencing and subcloning. MCR-1 mechanistic studies were done with sequence comparisons, homology modelling, and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. The prevalence of mcr-1 was investigated in E coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains collected from five provinces between April, 2011, and November, 2014. The ability of MCR-1 to confer polymyxin resistance in vivo was examined in a murine thigh model.. Polymyxin resistance was shown to be singularly due to the plasmid-mediated mcr-1 gene. The plasmid carrying mcr-1 was mobilised to an E coli recipient at a frequency of 10(-1) to 10(-3) cells per recipient cell by conjugation, and maintained in K pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In an in-vivo model, production of MCR-1 negated the efficacy of colistin. MCR-1 is a member of the phosphoethanolamine transferase enzyme family, with expression in E coli resulting in the addition of phosphoethanolamine to lipid A. We observed mcr-1 carriage in E coli isolates collected from 78 (15%) of 523 samples of raw meat and 166 (21%) of 804 animals during 2011-14, and 16 (1%) of 1322 samples from inpatients with infection.. The emergence of MCR-1 heralds the breach of the last group of antibiotics, polymyxins, by plasmid-mediated resistance. Although currently confined to China, MCR-1 is likely to emulate other global resistance mechanisms such as NDM-1. Our findings emphasise the urgent need for coordinated global action in the fight against pan-drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria.. Ministry of Science and Technology of China, National Natural Science Foundation of China.

Topics: Animals; China; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Meat; Mice; Plasmids; Polymyxins; Swine; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Colistin; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Plasmids; Polymyxins; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Colistin; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Plasmids; Polymyxins; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Colistin; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Plasmids; Polymyxins; Swine; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Colistin; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Plasmids; Polymyxins; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Colistin; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Plasmids; Polymyxins; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Colistin; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Plasmids; Polymyxins; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Colistin; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Plasmids; Polymyxins; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Colistin; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Plasmids; Polymyxins; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Colistin; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Plasmids; Polymyxins; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Colistin; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Plasmids; Polymyxins; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Colistin; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Plasmids; Polymyxins; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Colistin; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Plasmids; Polymyxins; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Colistin; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Plasmids; Polymyxins; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Colistin; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Plasmids; Polymyxins; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Colistin; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Plasmids; Polymyxins; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Colistin; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Plasmids; Polymyxins; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Colistin; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Plasmids; Polymyxins; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Colistin; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Plasmids; Polymyxins; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Colistin; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Plasmids; Polymyxins; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Colistin; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Plasmids; Polymyxins; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Colistin; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Plasmids; Polymyxins; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Colistin; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Plasmids; Polymyxins; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Colistin; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Plasmids; Polymyxins; Swine Diseases

Recent findings suggest that use of colistin as a last resort antibiotic is seriously threatened by the rise of a new plasmid mediated mechanism of resistance (MCR-1). This work identifies, for the first time in Southern Europe, the gene mcr-1 in nine strains from farm animals (poultry and swine) corresponding to five Escherichia coli and four Salmonella enterica, among which three belong to serovar Typhimurium and one to Rissen. The MCR-1 was found encoded by a plasmid highly mobilizable by conjugation to the E. coli J53 strain. Two E. coli strains carried two determinants, mcr-1 plus pmrA or pmrB mutations, known to confer colistin resistance.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella enterica; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella typhimurium; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Spain; Swine; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; History, 21st Century; Japan; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Swine; Swine Diseases

This article, prepared by the APHA Pig Expert Group, summarises how scanning surveillance activities have highlighted colistin resistance in pigs.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Colistin; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; England; Escherichia coli; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Salmonella; Sentinel Surveillance; Swine; Swine Diseases; Treatment Outcome

Topics: Animals; China; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Genetic Variation; Geography; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Lung; Microbiota; Plasmids; Swine; Swine Diseases

Topics: Adolescent; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Genotype; Humans; Laos; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Swine; Swine Diseases; Zoonoses

The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro gastric stability of colistin sulfate (CS) and its antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and to study the impact of ETEC O149: F4 (K88) infection in pigs on CS intestinal absorption. The stability profile of CS was evaluated in a simulated gastric fluid (SGF). Antimicrobial activity of CS and its degradation products were examined in a 96-well polystyrene microplate model. The effect of experimental infection with ETEC O149: F4 on CS intestinal absorption was determined by quantification of CS systemic concentration using a validated LC-MS/MS method. A rapid degradation of CS accompanied by an increase in CS antimicrobial activity by comparison with non-degraded CS (P<0.0001) was observed in SGF. Additionally, CS levels were not quantifiable in systemic circulation using a highly sensitive method and concurrent oral challenge did not affect CS absorption in an induction model of subclinical post-weaning diarrhea (PWD).

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biological Availability; Colistin; Diarrhea; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

In the present study, risk factors for the use of oral antibiotics in weaned piglets were collected on 112 pig farms by a personal questionaire. The most common indication for an antibiotic group therapy was diarrhoea, and the most frequently used antibiotic was Colistin. On average, 27.33 daily doses in the control farms and 387.21 daily doses in the problem farms per 1000 weaners were administered on a given day. The significant risk factors in the multivariate model were poor hygiene in the water supply of suckling piglets, less than two doses ofprestarter feed daily, lack of an all-in-and-all-out production system in weaners, no herd book performance data analysis, and less than two of the legally prescribed veterinary visits per year. Furthermore, the treatment incidence of weaners for oral antibiotics was calculated on the basis of the drug inventory. This study provides evidence that the use of oral antibiotics in weaners can be reduced by interventions in hygiene and management.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Colistin; Diarrhea; Female; Hygiene; Incidence; Male; Risk Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires; Swine; Swine Diseases; Switzerland; Weaning

Reports about acquired resistance to colistin in different bacteria species are increasing, including E. coli of animal origin, but reports of resistance in wild S. enterica of different serotypes from swine are not found in the literature. Results obtained with one hundred and twenty-six E. coli strains from diseased swine and one hundred and twenty-four S. enterica strains from diseased and carrier swine showed a frequency of 6.3% and 21% of colistin-resistant strains, respectively. When comparing the disk diffusion test with the agar dilution test to evaluate the strains, it was confirmed that the disk diffusion test is not recommended to evaluate colistin resistance as described previously. The colistin MIC 90 and MIC 50 values obtained to E. coli were 0.25 μg/mL and 0.5 μg/mL, the MIC 90 and MIC 50 to S. enterica were 1 μg/mL and 8 μg/mL. Considering the importance of colistin in control of nosocomial human infections with Gram-negative multiresistant bacteria, and the large use of this drug in animal production, the colistin resistance prevalence in enterobacteriaceae of animal origin must be monitored more closely.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Brazil; Colistin; Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Enterocolitis; Escherichia coli; Feces; Salmonella enterica; Swine; Swine Diseases

Colistin is an antimicrobial drug of the polymyxin group and COLIVET SOLUTION is an aqueous solution containing colistin sulphate (2 x 10(6) IU/mL), formulated for oral administration. The target species is the pig, particularly the suckling and post weaning animal. This investigation was undertaken to provide pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data on which to base the selection of dosage rate and interval of the solution for the treatment of porcine colibacillosis. Colistin absorption from the gastrointestinal tract of young pigs, when administered at dosage rates of 25,000, 50,000 and 100,000 IU/kg, was slight or absent. The drug was therefore restricted almost entirely to the required site of action. The colistin concentration-time profile within the jejunum and ileum was established, and this enabled determination of the pharmacokinetic variables, maximum concentration (C(max)) and area under curve (AUC) and derivation of the surrogate indices of antibacterial activity, C(max)/minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and AUC/MIC through integration of in vivo data with the results of in vitro potency studies for four strains of Escherichia coli. In the in vitro bacterial growth inhibition studies colistin acted by a concentration-dependent killing mechanism. Numerical values for the surrogate parameter AUC/MIC producing bactericidal and eradication effects of colistin against four strains of E. coli were established by PK-PD modeling based on the sigmoidal E(max) equation. These data were used to predict a daily dosage regimen for colistin.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Area Under Curve; Colistin; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Models, Biological; Swine; Swine Diseases

During the last few years, acquired resistance to colistin in Escherichia coli, but also in other bacterial species, has been reported. It has been shown that the disk diffusion test is not a reliable method for the detection of this resistance. Therefore, there is a need for a reliable and cheap test to determine colistin susceptibility of pathogenic E. coli strains. In the current research, the colistin susceptibility of E. coli isolated during the period 2005-2006 from pigs was determined. Results obtained with the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion test (Neosensitabs, Rosco), the disk prediffusion test (Neosensitabs, Rosco) and the E-test (AB Biodisk) were compared with the results of the reference agar dilution assay. The MIC values or inhibition zones showed a bimodal distribution for the results obtained by all test methods, except the disk diffusion assay, suggesting acquired resistance in 15 strains (9.6%). The E-test and disk prediffusion assay generated results within acceptable levels compared to the reference agar dilution assay. The categorical agreement with the results obtained by the agar dilution method were good to very good for all tests, except the disk diffusion assay. In conclusion, current results suggest that, in addition to the E-test, the disk prediffusion test is a reliable, alternative agar-based colistin susceptibility method for testing colistin susceptibility of E. coli isolates in diagnostic bacteriology.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Colistin; Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Swine; Swine Diseases

Lactoferrin has antimicrobial activity associated with peptide fragments lactoferricin (LFC) and lactoferrampin (LFA) released on digestion. These two fragments have been expressed in Photorhabdus luminescens as a fusion peptide linked to protein cipB. The construct cipB-LFC-LFA was tested as an alternative to antimicrobial growth promoters in pig production. Sixty piglets with an average live body weight of 5.42 (sem 0.59) kg were challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and randomly assigned to four treatment groups fed a maize-soyabean meal diet containing either no addition (C), cipB at 100 mg/kg (C+B), cipB-LFC-LFA at 100 mg/kg (C+L) or colistin sulfate at 100 mg/kg (C+CS) for 3 weeks. Compared with C, dietary supplementation with C+L for 3 weeks increased daily weight gain by 21 %, increased recovery from diarrhoea, enhanced serum glutathione peroxidase (GPx), peroxidase (POD) and total antioxidant content (T-AOC), liver GPx, POD, superoxide dismutase and T-AOC, Fe, total Fe-binding capacity, IgA, IgG and IgM levels (P < 0.05), decreased the concentration of E. coli in the ileum, caecum and colon (P < 0.05), increased the concentration of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in the ileum, caecum and colon (P < 0.05), and promoted development of the villus-crypt architecture of the small intestine. Growth performance was similar between C+L- and C+CS-supplemented pigs. The present results indicate that LFC-LFA is an effective alternative to the feed antibiotic CS for enhancing growth performance in piglets weaned at age 21 d.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Bacterial Proteins; Cattle; Colistin; Diarrhea; Dietary Supplements; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Genetic Engineering; Intestinal Mucosa; Lactoferrin; Lactoglobulins; Liver; Male; Peptide Fragments; Random Allocation; Recombinant Proteins; Swine; Swine Diseases; Weaning

Topics: Amoxicillin; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalosporins; Colistin; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Enrofloxacin; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Fluoroquinolones; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nebramycin; Neomycin; Quinolones; Spain; Swine; Swine Diseases

Salmonellae are wide spread in man and animals world wide and are of increasing significance as causative agents of foodborne diseases in man. The European Union, national authorities and the pig industry are therefore more and more interested in the Salmonella status of the pig population. The aim of this study was to estimate the bacteriological prevalence of Salmonella in finishing pig herds, the serogroup and the resistance to antibiotics of the isolated Salmonellae and a preliminary risk analysis of factors associated with infection. For this, 317 finishing pig herds were randomly selected from a database containing 1500 herds in the southern part of the Netherlands. In each herd 24 samples of fresh faeces were collected from two compartments with pigs close to market weight. Per compartment 12 samples of faeces were pooled into one pooled sample. Pooled samples were cultured in duplicate. Salmonella spp. were recovered from 71 out of 306 herds (23%) in which two compartments could be sampled. A total of 108 isolated Salmonella's were serotyped: 71 serogroup B, 3 serogroup C1, 6 serogroup C2, 22 serogroup D1, and 6 isolates neither serogroup B, C or D1. Of a total of 115 Salmonella isolates tested, none were resistant to colistin, enrofloxacin, flumequin or gentamicin. Automated liquid feeding of by-products, and membership of an Integrated Quality Control (IQC) production group were associated with a decreased risk of infection, while use of trough feeding was associated with an increased risk of infection. It is necessary to test these presumed risk factors in intervention studies to evaluate their potency to reduce the Salmonella prevalence in finishing pigs and thereby reduce the risk of Salmonellosis in people consuming pork.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Cluster Analysis; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Enrofloxacin; Feces; Female; Fluoroquinolones; Gentamicins; Multivariate Analysis; Netherlands; Odds Ratio; Prevalence; Quinolizines; Quinolones; Regression Analysis; Risk Factors; Salmonella; Salmonella Food Poisoning; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Surveys and Questionnaires; Swine; Swine Diseases

Fecal specimens were collected on 22 different Nebraska ranches and at the Department of Veterinary Science from young calves and pigs with neonatal diarrhea. Enterobacteriaceae isolated from these fecal specimens were screened for resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin, sulfamethizole, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, colistin, nitrofurantoin, and nalidixic acid. Of the 92 strains studied, 57 were resistant to one or more of these antimicrobial agents. Resistant strains were obtained from all herds involved in the study. The two most common resistance patterns were tetracycline streptomycin sulfamethizole (22 of 57) and tetracycline (13 of 57). None of the strains were resistant to chloramphenicol, colistin, nitrofurantoin, or nalidixic acid. The 57 resistant strains were studied to determine whether the resistance was transferable. Forty-three of the 57 resistant strains could transfer part or all of their resistance pattern to a drug-sensitive recipient. The 43 R(+) strains were obtained from 17 of the 23 herds studied. Considerable variation was observed between different R(+) strains in the frequency of transfer of resistance to a particular drug. In addition, variation in the frequency of transfer of different resistance determinants in individual R(+) strains was noted.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Conjugation, Genetic; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Enterobacteriaceae; Escherichia; Escherichia coli; Extrachromosomal Inheritance; Kanamycin; Nalidixic Acid; Nitrofurantoin; Proteus; Streptomycin; Sulfamethizole; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracycline

Topics: Agar; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Diffusion; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Furazolidone; Hemolysis; Kanamycin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Neomycin; Paper; Serotyping; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracycline