colistin and Diarrhea

The most effective way to control severity and mortality rate of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is through sensitive diagnostic approaches and an appropriate treatment protocol. We aimed to identify the effect of adding corticosteroid and Tocilizumab to a standard treatment protocol in treating COVID-19 patients with chronic disease through hematological and lab biomarkers.. This study was performed retrospectively on 68 COVID-19 patients with chronic disease who were treated by different therapeutic protocols. The patients were categorized into four groups: control group represented the patients' lab results at admission before treatment protocols were applied; group 1 included patients treated with anticoagulants, Hydroxychloroquine, and antibiotics; group 2 comprised patients treated with Dexamethasone; and group 3 included patients treated with Dexamethasone and Tocilizumab.. The study paves the way into the effectiveness of combining Dexamethasone with Tocilizumab in treatment COVID-19 patients with chronic diseases.. La forma más eficaz de controlar la gravedad y la tasa de mortalidad de la enfermedad del nuevo coronavirus (COVID-19) es mediante enfoques de diagnóstico sensibles y un protocolo de tratamiento adecuado. Nuestro objetivo fue identificar el efecto de agregar corticosteroides y tocilizumab a un protocolo de tratamiento estándar en el tratamiento de pacientes con COVID-19 con enfermedad crónica a través de biomarcadores hematológicos y de laboratorio.. Este estudio se realizó de forma retrospectiva en 68 pacientes COVID-19 con enfermedad crónica que fueron tratados por diferentes protocolos terapéuticos. Los pacientes se clasificaron en cuatro grupos: el grupo de control representaba los resultados de laboratorio de los pacientes en el momento de la admisión antes de que se aplicaran los protocolos de tratamiento; el grupo 1 incluyó a pacientes tratados con anticoagulantes, hidroxicloroquina y antibióticos; el grupo 2 estaba compuesto por pacientes tratados con dexametasona; y el grupo 3 incluyó a pacientes tratados con dexametasona y tocilizumab.. El estudio allana el camino hacia la eficacia de la combinación de dexametasona con tocilizumab en el tratamiento de pacientes con COVID-19 con enfermedades crónicas.. The Child-Mother Index constitutes a potential useful risk factor indicator for statistical analyses on data after birth. The value of the Child-Mother Index based on the estimated fetal weight before birth deserves evaluation.. Six ceria supports synthesized by various synthesis methodologies were used to deposit cobalt oxide. The catalysts were thoroughly characterized, and their catalytic activity for complete methane oxidation was studied. The supports synthesized by direct calcination and precipitation with ammonia exhibited the best textural and structural properties as well as the highest degree of oxidation. The remaining supports presented poorer textural properties to be employed as catalytic supports. The cobalt deposited over the first two supports presented a good dispersion at the external surface, which induced a significant redox effect that increased the number of Co. Some studies show that children with obesity are more likely to receive a diagnosis of depression, anxiety, or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). But this does not necessarily mean obesity causes these conditions. Depression, anxiety, or ADHD could cause obesity. A child's environment, including family income or their parents' mental health, could also affect a child's weight and mental health. Understanding the nature of these relationships could help scientists develop better interventions for both obesity and mental health conditions. Genetic studies may help scientists better understand the role of the environment in these conditions, but it's important to consider both the child's and their parents’ genetics in these analyses. This is because parents and children share not only genes, but also environmental conditions. For example, families that carry genetic variants associated with higher body weight might also have lower incomes, if parents have been affected by biases against heavier people in society and the workplace. Children in these families could have worse mental health because of effects of their parent’s weight, rather than their own weight. Looking at both child and adult genetics can help disentangle these processes. Hughes et al. show that a child's own body mass index, a ratio of weight and height, is not strongly associated with the child’s mental health symptoms. They analysed genetic, weight, and health survey data from about 41,000 8-year-old children and their parents. The results suggest that a child's own BMI does not have a large effect on their anxiety symptoms. There was also no clear evidence that a child's BMI affected their symptoms of depression or ADHD. These results contradict previous studies, which did not account for parental genetics. Hughes et al. suggest that, at least for eight-year-olds, factors linked with adult weight and which differ between families may be more critical to a child's mental health than a child’s own weight. For older children and adolescents, this may not be the case, and the individual’s own weight may be more important. As a result, policies designed to reduce obesity in mid-childhood are unlikely to greatly improve the mental health of children. On the other hand, policies targeting the environmental or societal factors contributing to higher body weights, bias against people with higher weights, and poor child mental health directly may be more beneficial.. The development of an efficient photocatalyst for C2 product formation from CO. Оценка антиастенического эффекта последовательной терапии левокарнитином (ЛК) и ацетилкарнитином (АЛК) пациентов с артериальной гипертензией и/или ишемической болезнью сердца (ИБС) с астеническим синдромом (АС).. В открытое сравнительное исследование были включены 120 пациентов в возрасте 54—67 лет с артериальной гипертензией и/или ИБС с АС. Пациенты 1-й группы (. У больных 1-й группы отмечено статистически значимое уменьшение различных проявлений АС. Отличия носили достоверный характер по сравнению как с исходным уровнем, так и со 2-й группой. Установлено эндотелийпротективное действие ЛК и АЛК.. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют, что у таких коморбидных пациентов использование ЛК и АЛК уменьшает выраженность проявлений АС, а установленные эндотелиотропные свойства препаратов позволяют рекомендовать их в составе комплексной персонифицированной терапии пациентов с сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями.. Naproxen sodium 440 mg/diphenhydramine 50 mg combination demonstrated improvement in sleep maintenance (WASO) vs. naproxen sodium 550 mg and higher efficiency in average daily pain reduction compared with the comparison groups. The treatment was well tolerated There were no serious or unexpected adverse events reported in the study.. Сравнительный анализ эффективности и безопасности новой комбинации напроксена натрия и дифенгидрамина у пациентов с неспецифическим болевым синдромом в пояснично-крестцовом отделе спины (M54.5 «Боль внизу спины») и нарушением сна (G47.0 «Нарушения засыпания и поддержания сна [бессонница]»).. Проведено проспективное многоцентровое рандомизированное открытое сравнительное в параллельных группах клиническое исследование. Пациенты были рандомизированы в 3 группы. Больные 1-й группы получали напроксен натрия (440 мг) и дифенгидрамин (50 мг), 2-й — напроксен натрия (550 мг), 3-й — парацетамол (1000 мг) и дифенгидрамин (50 мг). Исследуемые препараты пациенты принимали однократно перед сном в течение 3 дней. Все пациенты также принимали 275 мг (1 таблетка) напроксена натрия в качестве препарата фоновой терапии. Первичным критерием эффективности было общее время бодрствования после наступления сна (WASO), измеряемое методом актиграфии. Также использовались критерии оценки продолжительности и качества сна и выраженности боли.. Анализ эффективности проведен для ITT популяции (. Применение комбинации напроксена натрия (440 мг) и дифенгидрамина (50 мг) характеризовалось более выраженным поддержанием сна по сравнению с напроксеном натрия 550 мг и более высокой эффективностью в отношении снижения интенсивности боли по сравнению со 2-й и 3-й группами. Отмечена хорошая переносимость препарата, серьезных нежелательных явлений зарегистрировано не было.

Topics: Acetaminophen; Acetylcarnitine; Acetylcholinesterase; Acids; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acinetobacter Infections; Adaptation, Psychological; Adolescent; Adsorption; Adult; Aged; Alcohol Drinking; Alzheimer Disease; Amikacin; Ammonia; Anaerobiosis; Animals; Anorexia; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antineoplastic Agents; Anxiety; Aptamers, Nucleotide; Asthenia; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Bacterial Proteins; Beryllium; beta-Lactamases; Biofuels; Biomass; Biosensing Techniques; Bismuth; Blister; Body Mass Index; Body Surface Area; Boronic Acids; Brain; Breast Neoplasms; Butyrylcholinesterase; Cannabis; Carbapenems; Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone; Carboxylic Acids; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Case-Control Studies; Catalysis; Cell Cycle Proteins; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Child; China; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Clarithromycin; Clostridioides; Clostridioides difficile; Clostridium Infections; Cohort Studies; Colistin; Colitis; Colon; Coloring Agents; Coronary Artery Bypass; Creatinine; Crystalloid Solutions; Cytokines; Depression; Dextran Sulfate; Dextrans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Retinopathy; Diarrhea; Dietary Supplements; Diphenhydramine; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Outbreaks; Double-Blind Method; Doxorubicin; Drosophila; Drug Tapering; Dysbiosis; Electrons; Escherichia coli; Extracellular Vesicles; Fatigue; Female; Fermentation; gamma-Cyclodextrins; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Glucose; Graft Survival; Graft vs Host Disease; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Heart Arrest, Induced; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; High-Intensity Interval Training; Hippocampus; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hypertension; Incidence; Interferon-gamma; Italy; Kinetics; Klebsiella Infections; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; Lactoferrin; Larva; Length of Stay; Lignin; Liver; Liver Neoplasms; Liver Transplantation; Living Donors; Low Back Pain; Lung; Lung Volume Measurements; Macrophages; Male; Melphalan; Men; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Meropenem; Methane; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mitochondrial Proteins; Molecular Docking Simulation; Molecular Structure; Mothers; Motivation; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma hominis; Mycoplasma Infections; NAD; Nanocomposites; Nanoparticles; Nanotubes, Carbon; Naproxen; Neovascularization, Pathologic; Neurons; Nitrates; Nucleolin; Opuntia; Paratyphoid Fever; Phenotype; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts; Pregnancy; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Resveratrol; Retrospective Studies; Rifampin; Risk Factors; RNA, Messenger; Selenium; Sleep; Social Behavior; Soil; Soil Pollutants; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; Staphylococcus aureus; Structure-Activity Relationship; Suicidal Ideation; Suicide; Superoxide Dismutase-1; Surveys and Questionnaires; Swimming; Syndrome; Tannins; Temperature; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Transplantation Conditioning; Treatment Outcome; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms; Troponin T; Tumor Microenvironment; United Kingdom; Ureaplasma; Ureaplasma urealyticum; Urinary Tract Infections; Viscum; Waste Disposal Facilities; Wastewater; Water; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Wolfiporia; Young Adult

The most effective way to control severity and mortality rate of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is through sensitive diagnostic approaches and an appropriate treatment protocol. We aimed to identify the effect of adding corticosteroid and Tocilizumab to a standard treatment protocol in treating COVID-19 patients with chronic disease through hematological and lab biomarkers.. This study was performed retrospectively on 68 COVID-19 patients with chronic disease who were treated by different therapeutic protocols. The patients were categorized into four groups: control group represented the patients' lab results at admission before treatment protocols were applied; group 1 included patients treated with anticoagulants, Hydroxychloroquine, and antibiotics; group 2 comprised patients treated with Dexamethasone; and group 3 included patients treated with Dexamethasone and Tocilizumab.. The study paves the way into the effectiveness of combining Dexamethasone with Tocilizumab in treatment COVID-19 patients with chronic diseases.. La forma más eficaz de controlar la gravedad y la tasa de mortalidad de la enfermedad del nuevo coronavirus (COVID-19) es mediante enfoques de diagnóstico sensibles y un protocolo de tratamiento adecuado. Nuestro objetivo fue identificar el efecto de agregar corticosteroides y tocilizumab a un protocolo de tratamiento estándar en el tratamiento de pacientes con COVID-19 con enfermedad crónica a través de biomarcadores hematológicos y de laboratorio.. Este estudio se realizó de forma retrospectiva en 68 pacientes COVID-19 con enfermedad crónica que fueron tratados por diferentes protocolos terapéuticos. Los pacientes se clasificaron en cuatro grupos: el grupo de control representaba los resultados de laboratorio de los pacientes en el momento de la admisión antes de que se aplicaran los protocolos de tratamiento; el grupo 1 incluyó a pacientes tratados con anticoagulantes, hidroxicloroquina y antibióticos; el grupo 2 estaba compuesto por pacientes tratados con dexametasona; y el grupo 3 incluyó a pacientes tratados con dexametasona y tocilizumab.. El estudio allana el camino hacia la eficacia de la combinación de dexametasona con tocilizumab en el tratamiento de pacientes con COVID-19 con enfermedades crónicas.. The Child-Mother Index constitutes a potential useful risk factor indicator for statistical analyses on data after birth. The value of the Child-Mother Index based on the estimated fetal weight before birth deserves evaluation.. Six ceria supports synthesized by various synthesis methodologies were used to deposit cobalt oxide. The catalysts were thoroughly characterized, and their catalytic activity for complete methane oxidation was studied. The supports synthesized by direct calcination and precipitation with ammonia exhibited the best textural and structural properties as well as the highest degree of oxidation. The remaining supports presented poorer textural properties to be employed as catalytic supports. The cobalt deposited over the first two supports presented a good dispersion at the external surface, which induced a significant redox effect that increased the number of Co. Some studies show that children with obesity are more likely to receive a diagnosis of depression, anxiety, or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). But this does not necessarily mean obesity causes these conditions. Depression, anxiety, or ADHD could cause obesity. A child's environment, including family income or their parents' mental health, could also affect a child's weight and mental health. Understanding the nature of these relationships could help scientists develop better interventions for both obesity and mental health conditions. Genetic studies may help scientists better understand the role of the environment in these conditions, but it's important to consider both the child's and their parents’ genetics in these analyses. This is because parents and children share not only genes, but also environmental conditions. For example, families that carry genetic variants associated with higher body weight might also have lower incomes, if parents have been affected by biases against heavier people in society and the workplace. Children in these families could have worse mental health because of effects of their parent’s weight, rather than their own weight. Looking at both child and adult genetics can help disentangle these processes. Hughes et al. show that a child's own body mass index, a ratio of weight and height, is not strongly associated with the child’s mental health symptoms. They analysed genetic, weight, and health survey data from about 41,000 8-year-old children and their parents. The results suggest that a child's own BMI does not have a large effect on their anxiety symptoms. There was also no clear evidence that a child's BMI affected their symptoms of depression or ADHD. These results contradict previous studies, which did not account for parental genetics. Hughes et al. suggest that, at least for eight-year-olds, factors linked with adult weight and which differ between families may be more critical to a child's mental health than a child’s own weight. For older children and adolescents, this may not be the case, and the individual’s own weight may be more important. As a result, policies designed to reduce obesity in mid-childhood are unlikely to greatly improve the mental health of children. On the other hand, policies targeting the environmental or societal factors contributing to higher body weights, bias against people with higher weights, and poor child mental health directly may be more beneficial.. The development of an efficient photocatalyst for C2 product formation from CO. Оценка антиастенического эффекта последовательной терапии левокарнитином (ЛК) и ацетилкарнитином (АЛК) пациентов с артериальной гипертензией и/или ишемической болезнью сердца (ИБС) с астеническим синдромом (АС).. В открытое сравнительное исследование были включены 120 пациентов в возрасте 54—67 лет с артериальной гипертензией и/или ИБС с АС. Пациенты 1-й группы (. У больных 1-й группы отмечено статистически значимое уменьшение различных проявлений АС. Отличия носили достоверный характер по сравнению как с исходным уровнем, так и со 2-й группой. Установлено эндотелийпротективное действие ЛК и АЛК.. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют, что у таких коморбидных пациентов использование ЛК и АЛК уменьшает выраженность проявлений АС, а установленные эндотелиотропные свойства препаратов позволяют рекомендовать их в составе комплексной персонифицированной терапии пациентов с сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями.. Naproxen sodium 440 mg/diphenhydramine 50 mg combination demonstrated improvement in sleep maintenance (WASO) vs. naproxen sodium 550 mg and higher efficiency in average daily pain reduction compared with the comparison groups. The treatment was well tolerated There were no serious or unexpected adverse events reported in the study.. Сравнительный анализ эффективности и безопасности новой комбинации напроксена натрия и дифенгидрамина у пациентов с неспецифическим болевым синдромом в пояснично-крестцовом отделе спины (M54.5 «Боль внизу спины») и нарушением сна (G47.0 «Нарушения засыпания и поддержания сна [бессонница]»).. Проведено проспективное многоцентровое рандомизированное открытое сравнительное в параллельных группах клиническое исследование. Пациенты были рандомизированы в 3 группы. Больные 1-й группы получали напроксен натрия (440 мг) и дифенгидрамин (50 мг), 2-й — напроксен натрия (550 мг), 3-й — парацетамол (1000 мг) и дифенгидрамин (50 мг). Исследуемые препараты пациенты принимали однократно перед сном в течение 3 дней. Все пациенты также принимали 275 мг (1 таблетка) напроксена натрия в качестве препарата фоновой терапии. Первичным критерием эффективности было общее время бодрствования после наступления сна (WASO), измеряемое методом актиграфии. Также использовались критерии оценки продолжительности и качества сна и выраженности боли.. Анализ эффективности проведен для ITT популяции (. Применение комбинации напроксена натрия (440 мг) и дифенгидрамина (50 мг) характеризовалось более выраженным поддержанием сна по сравнению с напроксеном натрия 550 мг и более высокой эффективностью в отношении снижения интенсивности боли по сравнению со 2-й и 3-й группами. Отмечена хорошая переносимость препарата, серьезных нежелательных явлений зарегистрировано не было.

Topics: Acetaminophen; Acetylcarnitine; Acetylcholinesterase; Acids; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acinetobacter Infections; Adaptation, Psychological; Adolescent; Adsorption; Adult; Aged; Alcohol Drinking; Alzheimer Disease; Amikacin; Ammonia; Anaerobiosis; Animals; Anorexia; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antineoplastic Agents; Anxiety; Aptamers, Nucleotide; Asthenia; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Bacterial Proteins; Beryllium; beta-Lactamases; Biofuels; Biomass; Biosensing Techniques; Bismuth; Blister; Body Mass Index; Body Surface Area; Boronic Acids; Brain; Breast Neoplasms; Butyrylcholinesterase; Cannabis; Carbapenems; Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone; Carboxylic Acids; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Case-Control Studies; Catalysis; Cell Cycle Proteins; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Child; China; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Clarithromycin; Clostridioides; Clostridioides difficile; Clostridium Infections; Cohort Studies; Colistin; Colitis; Colon; Coloring Agents; Coronary Artery Bypass; Creatinine; Crystalloid Solutions; Cytokines; Depression; Dextran Sulfate; Dextrans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Retinopathy; Diarrhea; Dietary Supplements; Diphenhydramine; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Outbreaks; Double-Blind Method; Doxorubicin; Drosophila; Drug Tapering; Dysbiosis; Electrons; Escherichia coli; Extracellular Vesicles; Fatigue; Female; Fermentation; gamma-Cyclodextrins; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Glucose; Graft Survival; Graft vs Host Disease; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Heart Arrest, Induced; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; High-Intensity Interval Training; Hippocampus; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hypertension; Incidence; Interferon-gamma; Italy; Kinetics; Klebsiella Infections; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; Lactoferrin; Larva; Length of Stay; Lignin; Liver; Liver Neoplasms; Liver Transplantation; Living Donors; Low Back Pain; Lung; Lung Volume Measurements; Macrophages; Male; Melphalan; Men; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Meropenem; Methane; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mitochondrial Proteins; Molecular Docking Simulation; Molecular Structure; Mothers; Motivation; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma hominis; Mycoplasma Infections; NAD; Nanocomposites; Nanoparticles; Nanotubes, Carbon; Naproxen; Neovascularization, Pathologic; Neurons; Nitrates; Nucleolin; Opuntia; Paratyphoid Fever; Phenotype; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts; Pregnancy; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Resveratrol; Retrospective Studies; Rifampin; Risk Factors; RNA, Messenger; Selenium; Sleep; Social Behavior; Soil; Soil Pollutants; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; Staphylococcus aureus; Structure-Activity Relationship; Suicidal Ideation; Suicide; Superoxide Dismutase-1; Surveys and Questionnaires; Swimming; Syndrome; Tannins; Temperature; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Transplantation Conditioning; Treatment Outcome; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms; Troponin T; Tumor Microenvironment; United Kingdom; Ureaplasma; Ureaplasma urealyticum; Urinary Tract Infections; Viscum; Waste Disposal Facilities; Wastewater; Water; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Wolfiporia; Young Adult

This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with anti-E. coli, chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins (IgY), may affect early weaned piglet (EWP) intestinal functions and enteric micro-organisms. One hundred and forty-eight ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) piglets, weaned at age day 21, were randomly assigned to receive one of three diets for 14 days. Treatment group one (control group) was fed the base diet. Treatment group two (antibiotics group) was fed the base diet which was supplemented with 100 ppm colistin sulphate and 15 ppm enramycin; treatment group three (IgY group) was fed the base diet which was supplemented with 500 mg/kg anti-E. coli IgY. The study evaluated the effects on EWPs of IgY on growth, serum biochemical, inflammatory profiles and also digestion content intestinal bacterial populations. Results showed no significant difference in diarrhoea rates between IgY-fed EWPs and antibiotic-treated EWPs. Serum biochemical analysis showed that EWPs fed an IgY-containing diet had both lower (p < 0.05) cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein compared to antibiotic-treated EWPs. Escherichia coli populations measured in IgY-fed EWP ileal contents, compared to the control group, were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Clostridium and Bifidobacterium populations were unaffected by the IgY treatment. Larger (p < 0.05) Enterococcus populations and lower (p < 0.05) expression levels of heat-stable enterotoxin b (STb) were observed in IgY-fed EWP caecal digesta compared to the control group. Enteric Lactobacillus significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in EWPs fed antibiotics while it was unaffected by IgY treatment. Dietary supplementation with anti-E. coli IgY has the potential to suppress enteric E. coli growth, but not Lactobacillus, Clostridium and Bifidobacterium. This promotes and maintains a healthy EWP intestinal environment. These findings suggest that IgY may be used as an alternative to antibiotics in EWP diets.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Chickens; Colistin; Cytokines; Diarrhea; Diet; Egg Yolk; Gene Expression Regulation; Immunoglobulins; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Peptides; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Swine; Tight Junction Proteins

This study was conducted to determine the effects of the antimicrobial peptide cecropin on performance and intestinal health in piglets. Newly weaned barrows were randomly assigned to one of three treatments (n=8), including a corn-soybean basal diet or similar diets supplemented with antibiotics (100 mg/kg kitasamycin plus 800 mg/kg colistin sulfate) or 400 mg/kg cecropin AD. On day 13, all piglets were orally challenged with 10(9)CFU/mL of Escherichia coli K88. On day 19, all piglets were euthanized and sampled. Before challenge, piglets fed antibiotics had greater weight gain, feed efficiency, nitrogen and energy retention than the control (P<0.05). E. coli challenge decreased weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency for the control piglets (P<0.05) but not for the antibiotic or cecropin AD treated piglets. The incidence of diarrhea post-challenge in the antibiotic and cecropin AD treatments decreased compared with the control piglets. The total viable counts of cecal E. coli were lower while the Lactobacilli counts were higher in the antibiotic and cecropin AD treatments compared with the control (P<0.05). Cecropin AD treatment decreased total aerobes while increasing total anaerobes in the ileum (P<0.05). A higher villus height to crypt depth ratio in the jejunum and ileum as well as a deeper crypt depth in the jejunum and higher villus height in the ileum were observed in piglets fed antibiotics or cecropin AD compared with control piglets (P<0.05). Piglets fed the control diet had lower levels of secretory IgA in their jejunum and lower serum IgA, IgG, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 compared with the other treatments (P<0.05). Overall, these data suggest that cecropin AD enhances pig performance through increasing immune status and nitrogen and energy retention as well as reducing intestinal pathogens in weaned piglets.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Colistin; Diarrhea; Eating; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; Immunoglobulin G; Insect Proteins; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-6; Intestines; Kitasamycin; Lactobacillus; Swine; Swine Diseases; Weight Gain

Norfloxacin has been compared to placebo (136 patients), sulfamethoxazole plus trimethoprim (SXT, 72 patients) and oral vancomycin plus colistin (V/C, 61 patients) for the prevention of alimentary tract-associated infections during and after induction chemotherapy. These patients were evaluated for the safety and tolerability of each regimen by clinical and laboratory means. Most neutropenics involved, regardless of the regimen, experienced at least one adverse experience. The majority were felt to be unrelated to prophylactic study drug therapy. Of 139 patients who received norfloxacin, only two had drug-related adverse experiences, compared to two of 35 receiving SXT, five of 28 for VC, and none of 67 receiving placebo. In evaluating adverse experiences considered possibly drug related, 19 occurred on norfloxacin compared to 13 for placebo. Among neurologic adverse experiences, only one possibly related to norfloxacin occurred (confusion), while three occurred on placebo (confusion, decreased auditory acuity and hallucinations). Generally, no significant differences were seen between any of the regimens except for a higher frequency of diarrhea in those receiving V/C.

Topics: Agranulocytosis; Bacterial Infections; Clinical Trials as Topic; Colistin; Diarrhea; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Leukemia; Neutropenia; Norfloxacin; Skin Diseases; Sulfamethoxazole; Trimethoprim; Vancomycin

Mobile colistin resistance (

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Colistin; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Enterobacteriaceae; Escherichia coli Proteins; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plasmids; Salmonella

The emergence of the plasmid-mediated colistin resistance 1 (mcr-1) of Escherichia coli has become a global health concern. This study reports the prevalence of mcr-1 among E. coli isolates from patients with diarrheal disease in Shanghai and the genetic characterization of mcr-1-harbouring plasmids.. A total of 1723 E. coli strains were collected from the faeces of patients with diarrheal disease in all sentinel hospitals in Shanghai from 2016 to 2021. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by broth microdilution and plasmid conjunction transfer assay was carried out using E. coli C600 as the recipient. The mcr-1-positive E. coli strains (MCRPEC) were subjected to molecular characterization and bioinformatic analysis of the mcr-1-bearing plasmids that they harboured.. Only 5 (0.28%) strains were found to harbour the mcr-1 gene using PCR screening. Plasmid conjugation assay and whole-genome sequencing indicated that EC16500, one MCRPEC strain that co-exhibited mcr-1, bla. Our data represents a significant snapshot of colistin resistance mcr-1 genes and highlights the need to increase active surveillance, especially among children under five years of age, in Shanghai. Great effort needs to be taken to avoid further dissemination of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance among clinically relevant Gram-negative bacterial pathogens.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Colistin; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Proteins; Humans; Phylogeny; Prevalence

Since the gene encoding mobilised colistin resistance (mcr-1) was first reported in China in 2015, it has been reported in various Enterobacteriaceae worldwide. Escherichia coli, one of the main pathogens causing diarrhoea, is the most prevalent, clinically identified species carrying mcr-1. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiologic and genomic characteristics of mcr-1 in Escherichia coli from patients in Shanghai.. Faecal samples were collected from hospitals in Shanghai between 2012 and 2015. Polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect mcr-1, and molecular characteristics of the mcr-1-positive E. coli was determined by antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing.. We detected 40 (3.9%) mcr-1-positive E. coli strains from faecal samples in clinical settings between 2012 and 2015 in Shanghai. Mcr-1 was detected in 4 types of E. coli, including atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (aEPEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), and enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC). Most strains harbouring mcr-1 were isolated from children aged <7 years. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that nearly half of the strains that carried quinolone resistance- or β-lactam resistance-related genes were multidrug-resistant. IncX4 was the predominant type in mcr-1-positive E. coli in Shanghai, but the other types of mcr-1-harbouring plasmids are highly diverse in genetic context.. These data suggest that mcr-1 is prevalent in E. coli strains, especially those identified in diarrhoeal patients in Shanghai, and strengthening the surveillance of mcr-1 transmission, especially in children, is essential.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; China; Colistin; Diarrhea; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a leading cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea worldwide. In this study, risk factors associated with the development of severe-complicated and recurrent outcomes in CDI patients in different age groups, including the non-elderly, were assessed in a third-level hospital.. CDI cases were detected by clinical data and polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR). Clinical, demographic, epidemiological, and microbiological risk factors for CDI were evaluated.. During the study period, 248 out of 805 patients with nosocomial diarrhea were diagnosed with CDI and the majority were severe-complicated cases (87.90%). Female gender (OR 3.19, 95% CI 1.19-8.55, p = 0.02) and lymphoma (OR 3.95, 95% CI 1.03-15.13, p = 0.04) were risk factors for severe-complicated CDI. Mature adulthood (51-60 years) (OR 5.80, 95% CI 1.56-21.62, p = 0.01), previous rifampicin use (OR 7.44, 95% CI 2.10-26.44, p = 0.00), and neoplasm (solid malignant neoplasm or hematological malignancies) (OR 4.12, 95% CI 1.01-16.83, p = 0.04) were risk factors for recurrent infection. Autoimmune disorders (OR 6.62, CI 95% 1.26-34.73, p = 0.02), leukemia (OR 4.97, 95% CI 1.05-23.58, p = 0.04), lymphoma (OR 3.79, 95% CI 1.03-12.07, p = 0.04) and previous colistin treatment (OR 4.97, 95% CI 1.05-23.58, p = 0.04) were risk factors for 30-day mortality.. Newly identified risk factors for recurrent CDI were rifampicin treatment and age between 51 and 60 years; colistin treatment was identified as a risk factor for 30-day mortality. Previously identified risk factors for severe-complicated CDI were confirmed, but with a major impact on non-elderly patients.

Topics: Adult; Clostridioides difficile; Clostridium; Clostridium Infections; Colistin; Diarrhea; Female; Hospitals, Teaching; Humans; Mexico; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Rifampin; Risk Factors

A carbapenem-resistant and colistin-heteroresistant clinical isolate of Enterobacter cloacae was obtained from an inpatient in Okinawa, Japan. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of both imipenem and meropenem were 32 μg/mL. The isolate showed heteroresistance to colistin using the Etest method and resistance to colistin using the broth microdilution method. It had a disrupted ompC and a mutation in the promoter region of bla

Topics: Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; beta-Lactamases; Carbapenems; Colistin; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Enterobacter cloacae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Feces; Female; Humans; Japan; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mutation

Escherichia coli isolates carrying the mcr-1 gene are rarely reported in diarrhoeal patients. Here we report the draft genome sequence of a colistin-resistant E. coli isolated from a hospitalised patient with acute diarrhoea in Thailand.. Whole genomic DNA of the colistin-resistant E. coli isolate (MSF11) was extracted and was sequenced using an Ion Torrent sequencer with 400-bp read chemistry. The draft genome sequence of MSF11 was analysed with regard to multilocus sequence type (ST), serotype, acquired antimicrobial resistance genes, plasmid replicon types and virulence genes using tools from the Center for Genomic Epidemiology.. E. coli strain MSF11 was serotype OUT:H10 and ST226. Acquired antimicrobial resistance genes [bla. An mcr-1 variant was identified in an E. coli isolate harbouring the EAST1 (enteroaggregative E. coli heat-stable toxin 1) gene (astA) from a human diarrhoeal stool specimen. This study highlights the potential risk of dissemination of colistin-resistant E. coli in view of the prevalence of the variant gene on IncX4-type plasmids.

Topics: Acute Disease; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Colistin; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Female; Genetic Variation; Genome, Bacterial; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Plasmids; Thailand; Whole Genome Sequencing

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of composite antimicrobial peptide (CAP) on growth performance and health status in weaned piglets. Over 28 days, 36 weaned piglets (body weight, 10.58 ± 0.99 kg) underwent three treatments: negative control (NC, basal diet), positive control (PC, basal diet + 20 mg/kg colistin sulphate + 50 mg/kg kitasamycin), and CAP treatment (CAP, basal diet with 400 mg/kg CAP). Average daily gain of piglets fed the CAP diet was greater (P < 0.05) than that of piglets fed the PC or NC diet during days 1-7, 8-14 and 15-21. Diarrhea rates of piglets fed the CAP or PC diet were lower (P < 0.05) than those of NC-fed piglets during days 1-7. Apparent total tract digestibility for dry matter and crude ash in CAP-fed piglets was greater (P < 0.05) than that of NC-fed piglets. In the CAP group, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium counts were greater (P < 0.05) and Escherichia coli counts were lower (P < 0.05) than numbers for the NC group. Our results indicate that dietary CAP had beneficial effects on growth performance and health status in weaned piglets.

Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; Bacterial Load; Bifidobacterium; Colistin; Diarrhea; Diet; Digestion; Escherichia coli; Kitasamycin; Lactobacillus; Swine; Swine Diseases; Weaning; Weight Gain

Antimicrobials have been used in a prophylactic way to decrease the incidence of digestive disorders during the piglet post-weaning period. Nowadays, it is urgent to reduce their consumption in livestock to address the problem of antimicrobial resistance. In this study, the effect of a product on piglet microbiota has been investigated as an alternative to antimicrobials. Three groups of ten post-weaning pigs were sampled at 0, 15 and 30 days one week post-weaning; the control, antibiotic and feed additive group received a standard post-weaning diet without antibiotics or additives, the same diet as the control group but with amoxicillin and colistin sulphate and the same diet as the control group but with a feed additive (Sanacore-EN, Nutriad International N.V.), respectively. The total DNA extracted from faeces was used to amplify the 16S RNA gene for massive sequencing under manufacturer's conditions. Sequencing data was quality filtered and analyzed using QIIME software and suitable statistical methods. In general terms, age modifies significantly the microbiota of the piglets. Thus, the oldest the animal, the highest bacterial diversity observed for the control and the feed additive groups. However, this diversity was very similar in the antibiotic group throughout the trial. Interestingly, a clear increase in abundance of Bacillus and Lactobacillus spp was detected within the feed additive group versus the antibiotic and control groups. In conclusion, the feed additive group had a positive effect in the endogenous microbiota of post-weaning pigs increasing both, the diversity of bacterial families and the abundance of lactic acid bacteria during the post-weaning period.

Topics: Amoxicillin; Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Colistin; Diarrhea; Feces; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Swine

Emergence of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) strains that also exhibit resistance to tigecycline and colistin have become a major clinical concern, as these two agents are the last-resort antibiotics used for treatment of CRKP infections. A leukemia patient infected with CRKP was subjected to follow-up analysis of variation in phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of CRKP strains isolated from various specimens at different stages of treatment over a period of 3 years. Our data showed that (1) carbapenem treatment led to the emergence of CRKP in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of the patient, which subsequently caused infections at other body sites as well as septicemia; (2) treatment with tigecycline led to the emergence of tigecycline-resistant CRKP, possibly through induction of the expression of a variant tet(A) gene located in a conjugative plasmid; (3) colistin treatment was effective in clearing CRKP from the bloodstream but led to the emergence of mcr-1-positive Enterobacteriaceae strains as well as colistin-resistant CRKP in the GI tract due to inactivation of the mgrB gene; and (4) tigecycline- and colistin-resistant CRKP could persist in the human GI tract for a prolonged period even without antibiotic selection pressure. In conclusion, clinical CRKP strains carrying a conjugative plasmid that harbors the bla

Topics: Adult; Antifungal Agents; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Carbapenems; Caspofungin; Colistin; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Echinocandins; Feces; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Klebsiella Infections; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Lipopeptides; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Minocycline; Tigecycline; Treatment Outcome

Colistin-resistant Escherichia coli are isolated from pigs suffering from post-weaning diarrhea (PWD). This study was designed to develop an experimental model of PWD using mcr-1-carrying shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) or enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), for the future evaluation of control measures. Three groups of eight piglets, kept in high biosecurity units, were orally inoculated with mcr-1-positive STEC or ETEC, and one unchallenged group was used as a control. Clinical signs were recorded. Regularly-collected fecal samples and samples obtained from the digestive tract of animals sacrificed one month after inoculation were cultured in selective media and isolates were characterized. Blood samples were used to genotype the polymorphisms of the pigs' intestinal receptors for F4 and F18 E. coli adhesins. Diarrhea was more frequent and more fecal samples contained the inoculated strain in the group inoculated with the O149-F4 ETEC strain than with the O141-F18 or O139-F18 STEC strains. However, fewer positive samples were obtained from the two pigs with the F4 resistant genotype. The three inoculated strains could be re-isolated up to the end of the experiment. Excretion peaked on the first week after inoculation with the O149-F4 ETEC strain, and later for the other two. An mcr-1 gene transfer to other commensal isolates was observed only for O139-F18 STEC, while the loss of mcr-1 from the inoculated strain occurred in all groups. The O149-F4 ETEC challenge may be used to evaluate alternative solutions to combat PWD caused by colistin-resistant E. coli in pigs.

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Colistin; Diarrhea; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Feces; Genotype; Swine; Swine Diseases; Weaning

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance genes in Escherichia coli from pigs affected by post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD).. DNA samples collected from 51 E. coli isolates from Italian pigs affected by PWD in 2015-2016 were studied. Isolates were classified as presumptively resistant to colistin by routine susceptibility testing and were investigated for the presence of the mcr-1 gene of plasmid origin by PCR. E. coli isolates testing negative for mcr-1 were analysed for the presence of a novel plasmid-mediated gene, mcr-2. Isolates were characterised for fimbrial [F4 (k88), F5 (k99), F6 (987P), F18 and F41] and toxin (LT, STa, STb and Stx2e) determinants by PCR as well as for the occurrence of haemolysis by phenotypic observation. Susceptibility to apramycin, cefquinome, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, gentamicin, tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT) was also determined by disk diffusion.. Most of the isolates showed the presence of at least one virulence factor, confirming their pathogenic potential. The presence of mcr-1 was shown in 37 (72.5%) of the 51 isolates. All of the mcr-1-negative isolates tested negative for the mcr-2 gene. Moreover, 80.4% of the isolates were resistant to apramycin, 9.8% to cefquinome, 54.9% to enrofloxacin, 52.9% to florfenicol, 76.5% to gentamicin, 96.1% to tetracycline and 78.4% to SXT.. This is the first report documenting the presence of the mcr-1 gene in pathogenic E. coli isolated from pigs affected by PWD in Italy.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Toxins; Colistin; Diarrhea; Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Fimbriae, Bacterial; Genes, Bacterial; Hemolysis; Italy; Swine; Swine Diseases; Virulence Factors; Weaning

The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (nano-ZnOs) as a substitute for colistin sulfate (CS) and/or zinc oxide (ZnO) on growth performance, serum enzymes, zinc deposition, intestinal morphology and epithelial barrier in weaned piglets. A total of 216 crossbred Duroc×(Landrace×Yorkshire) piglets weaned at 23 days were randomly assigned into 3 groups, which were fed with basal diets supplemented with 20 mg/kg CS (CS group), 20mg/kg CS+3000 mg/kg ZnO (CS+ZnO group), and 1200 mg/kg nano-ZnOs (nano-ZnO group) for 14 days. Results indicated that compared to CS group, supplementation of 1200 mg/kg nano-ZnOs (about 30 nm) significantly increased final body weight and average daily gain, and 3000 mg/kg ZnO plus colistin sulfate significantly increased average daily gain and decreased diarrhea rate in weaned piglets. There was no significant difference in growth performance and diarrhea rate between nano-ZnO and CS+ZnO groups. Supplementation of nano-ZnOs did not affect serum enzymes (glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, and lactate dehydrogenase), but significantly increased plasma and tissue zinc concentrations (liver, tibia), improved intestinal morphology (increased duodenal and ileal villus length, crypt depth, and villus surface), enhanced mRNA expression of ZO-1 in ileal mucosa, and significantly decreased diamine oxidase activity in plasma, total aerobic bacterial population in MLN as compared to CS group. Effects of nano-ZnOs on serum enzymes, intestinal morphology, and mRNA expressions of tight junction were similar to those of high dietary ZnO plus colistin sulfate, while nano-ZnOs significantly reduced zinc concentrations of liver, tibia, and feces, and decreased total aerobic bacterial population in MLN as compared to CS+ZnO group. These results suggested that nano-ZnOs (1200 mg/kg) might be used as a substitute for colistin sulfate and high dietary ZnO in weaned piglets.

Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Body Weight; Colistin; Diarrhea; Dietary Supplements; Intestinal Mucosa; Nanoparticles; Random Allocation; Swine; Weaning; Zinc Oxide

Topics: Acute Disease; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Colistin; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Humans

The PCR amplification of ETEC virulence genes showed that nearly 100% of pigs excreted genes encoding for STa and STb toxins in the feces before the challenge. These genes, in the absence of the gene encoding F4, were considered as a marker for F4-negative ETEC. One day after ETEC: F4 oral challenge pigs in the two challenged groups excreted the genes encoding LT and F4 in the feces. These genes were considered as a marker for F4-positive ETEC. However, the gene encoding F18 was not detected in any fecal samples of the 4 groups throughout the experiment. After only 3 days of successive oral treatment with CS, a significant reduction in both the F4-positive and negative ETEC populations was observed in the challenged treated group compared to the challenged untreated group (p < 0.0001).. Our study is among the first to report that under controlled farming conditions, oral CS treatment had a significant effect on both fecal F4-positive and F4-negative ETEC in pigs. However, CS clinical efficiency was correlated with non-detection of F4-positive ETEC in the feces. Furthermore the fecal presence of F4-negative ETEC was not associated with clinical symptoms of post-weaning diarrhea in pigs.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Colistin; Diarrhea; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; Enterotoxins; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Feces; Genes, Bacterial; Sus scrofa; Swine; Swine Diseases; Virulence; Weaning

Colistin is an ultimate line of refuge against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. Very recently, the emergence of plasmid-mediatedmcr-1colistin resistance has become a great challenge to global public health, raising the possibility that dissemination of themcr-1gene is underestimated and diversified. Here, we report three cases of plasmid-carried MCR-1 colistin resistance in isolates from gut microbiota of diarrhea patients. Structural and functional analyses determined that the colistin resistance is conferred purely by the singlemcr-1gene. Genetic and sequence mapping revealed thatmcr-1-harbouring plasmid reservoirs are present in diversity. Together, the data represent the first evidence of diversity inmcr-1-harbouring plasmid reservoirs of human gut microbiota.. The plasmid-mediated mobile colistin resistance gene (mcr-1) challenged greatly the conventional idea mentioned above that colistin is an ultimate line of refuge against lethal infections by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. It is a possibility that diversified dissemination of themcr-1gene might be greatly underestimated. We report three cases of plasmid-carried MCR-1 colistin resistance in isolates from gut microbiota of diarrhea patients and functionally define the colistin resistance conferred purely by the singlemcr-1gene. Genetic and sequence mapping revealed unexpected diversity among themcr-1-harbouring plasmid reservoirs of human gut microbiota.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; China; Colistin; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Ethanolaminephosphotransferase; Feces; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Genes, Bacterial; Genetic Variation; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Humans; Plasmids; Sequence Analysis, DNA

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; China; Colistin; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Proteins; Feces; Humans; Infant; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Treatment Outcome

This article, prepared by the APHA Pig Expert Group, summarises how scanning surveillance activities have highlighted colistin resistance in pigs.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Colistin; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; England; Escherichia coli; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Salmonella; Sentinel Surveillance; Swine; Swine Diseases; Treatment Outcome

Proanthocyanidins have been suggested as an effective antibiotic alternative, however their mechanisms are still unknown. The present study investigated the effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins on gut microbiota and mucosal barrier using a weaned piglet model in comparison with colistin. Piglets weaned at 28 day were randomly assigned to four groups treated with a control ration, or supplemented with 250 mg/kg proanthocyanidins, kitasamycin/colistin, or 250 mg/kg proanthocyanidins and half-dose antibiotics, respectively. On day 28, the gut chyme and tissue samples were collected to test intestinal microbiota and barrier function, respectively. Proanthocyanidins treated piglets had better growth performance and reduced diarrhea incidence (P < 0.05), accompanied with decreased intestinal permeability and improved mucosal morphology. Gene sequencing analysis of 16S rRNA revealed that dietary proanthocyanidins improved the microbial diversity in ileal and colonic digesta, and the most abundant OTUs belong to Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes spp.. Proanthocyanidins treatment decreased the abundance of Lactobacillaceae, and increased the abundance of Clostridiaceae in both ileal and colonic lumen, which suggests that proanthocyanidins treatment changed the bacterial composition and distribution. Administration of proanthocyanidins increased the concentration of propionic acid and butyric acid in the ileum and colon, which may activate the expression of GPR41. In addition, dietary proanthocyanidins improved the antioxidant indices in serum and intestinal mucosa, accompanied with increasing expression of barrier occludin. Our findings indicated that proanthocyanidins with half-dose colistin was equivalent to the antibiotic treatment and assisted weaned animals in resisting intestinal oxidative stress by increasing diversity and improving balance of gut microbes.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Bacteria; Butyric Acid; Colistin; Diarrhea; Diet; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Grape Seed Extract; Intestinal Mucosa; Male; Permeability; Proanthocyanidins; Propionates; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; Ribotyping; Sus scrofa; Time Factors; Weaning; Weight Gain

Recent meta-analyses showed that antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with neutropenia after chemotherapy reduced the incidence of fever and mortality rate. Fluoroquinolones appear to be most effective and well tolerated. Thus, in April 2008, we changed our antibiotic prophylaxis regimen from cotrimoxazole/colistin (COT/COL) to the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin (CIP) in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The aim of this retrospective study was to compare efficacy and development of bacterial resistance with two different prophylaxis regimens over a time period of more than 4 years.. Induction chemotherapy courses given for AML during the antibiotic prophylaxis period with COT/COL (01/2006-04/2008) and CIP (04/2008-06/2010) were retrospectively analyzed with a standard questionnaire.. Eighty-five courses in the COT/COL group and 105 in the CIP group were analyzed. The incidence of fever was not significantly different (COT/COL 80 % vs CIP 77 %; p = 0.724). Also, the rate of microbiologically documented infections was nearly the same (29 vs 26 %; p = 0.625). In addition, there was no significant difference in the incidence of clinically documented infections (11 vs 19 %; p = 0.155) or in the rates of detected gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Of note, there was no increase in resistance rates or cases with Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in the CIP group.. The antibiotic prophylaxis with CIP compared to COT/COL in AML was similarly effective with no increase in bacterial resistance. COT/COL may have the advantages of providing additional prophylaxis against Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and leaving fluoroquinolones as an additional option for treatment of febrile neutropenia.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Antineoplastic Agents; Bacterial Infections; Ciprofloxacin; Clostridioides difficile; Colistin; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous; Female; Fever; Fluoroquinolones; Humans; Incidence; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Male; Middle Aged; Neutropenia; Pneumocystis carinii; Pneumonia, Pneumocystis; Retrospective Studies; Surveys and Questionnaires; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro gastric stability of colistin sulfate (CS) and its antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and to study the impact of ETEC O149: F4 (K88) infection in pigs on CS intestinal absorption. The stability profile of CS was evaluated in a simulated gastric fluid (SGF). Antimicrobial activity of CS and its degradation products were examined in a 96-well polystyrene microplate model. The effect of experimental infection with ETEC O149: F4 on CS intestinal absorption was determined by quantification of CS systemic concentration using a validated LC-MS/MS method. A rapid degradation of CS accompanied by an increase in CS antimicrobial activity by comparison with non-degraded CS (P<0.0001) was observed in SGF. Additionally, CS levels were not quantifiable in systemic circulation using a highly sensitive method and concurrent oral challenge did not affect CS absorption in an induction model of subclinical post-weaning diarrhea (PWD).

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biological Availability; Colistin; Diarrhea; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

In the present study, risk factors for the use of oral antibiotics in weaned piglets were collected on 112 pig farms by a personal questionaire. The most common indication for an antibiotic group therapy was diarrhoea, and the most frequently used antibiotic was Colistin. On average, 27.33 daily doses in the control farms and 387.21 daily doses in the problem farms per 1000 weaners were administered on a given day. The significant risk factors in the multivariate model were poor hygiene in the water supply of suckling piglets, less than two doses ofprestarter feed daily, lack of an all-in-and-all-out production system in weaners, no herd book performance data analysis, and less than two of the legally prescribed veterinary visits per year. Furthermore, the treatment incidence of weaners for oral antibiotics was calculated on the basis of the drug inventory. This study provides evidence that the use of oral antibiotics in weaners can be reduced by interventions in hygiene and management.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Colistin; Diarrhea; Female; Hygiene; Incidence; Male; Risk Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires; Swine; Swine Diseases; Switzerland; Weaning

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. The infective form of C. difficile is the spore, but the vegetative bacterium causes the disease. Because C. difficile spore germination is required for symptomatic infection, antigermination approaches could lead to the prevention of CDI. We recently reported that CamSA, a bile salt analog, inhibits C. difficile spore germination in vitro.. Mice infected with massive inocula of C. difficile spores were treated with different concentrations of CamSA and monitored for CDI signs. C. difficile spore and vegetative cells were counted in feces from infected mice.. A single 50-mg/kg dose of CamSA prevented CDI in mice without any observable toxicity. Lower CamSA doses resulted in delayed CDI onset and less severe signs of disease. Ingested C. difficile spores were quantitatively recovered from feces of CamSA-protected mice.. Our results support a mechanism whereby the antigermination effect of CamSA is responsible for preventing CDI signs. This approach represents a new paradigm in CDI treatment. Instead of further compromising the microbiota of CDI patients with strong antibiotics, antigermination therapy could serve as a microbiota surrogate to curtail C. difficile colonization of antibiotic-treated patients.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bile Acids and Salts; Clostridioides difficile; Clostridium Infections; Colistin; Diarrhea; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Feces; Female; Gentamicins; Kanamycin; Metagenome; Metronidazole; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Spores, Bacterial; Vancomycin

Lactoferrin has antimicrobial activity associated with peptide fragments lactoferricin (LFC) and lactoferrampin (LFA) released on digestion. These two fragments have been expressed in Photorhabdus luminescens as a fusion peptide linked to protein cipB. The construct cipB-LFC-LFA was tested as an alternative to antimicrobial growth promoters in pig production. Sixty piglets with an average live body weight of 5.42 (sem 0.59) kg were challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and randomly assigned to four treatment groups fed a maize-soyabean meal diet containing either no addition (C), cipB at 100 mg/kg (C+B), cipB-LFC-LFA at 100 mg/kg (C+L) or colistin sulfate at 100 mg/kg (C+CS) for 3 weeks. Compared with C, dietary supplementation with C+L for 3 weeks increased daily weight gain by 21 %, increased recovery from diarrhoea, enhanced serum glutathione peroxidase (GPx), peroxidase (POD) and total antioxidant content (T-AOC), liver GPx, POD, superoxide dismutase and T-AOC, Fe, total Fe-binding capacity, IgA, IgG and IgM levels (P < 0.05), decreased the concentration of E. coli in the ileum, caecum and colon (P < 0.05), increased the concentration of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in the ileum, caecum and colon (P < 0.05), and promoted development of the villus-crypt architecture of the small intestine. Growth performance was similar between C+L- and C+CS-supplemented pigs. The present results indicate that LFC-LFA is an effective alternative to the feed antibiotic CS for enhancing growth performance in piglets weaned at age 21 d.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Bacterial Proteins; Cattle; Colistin; Diarrhea; Dietary Supplements; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Genetic Engineering; Intestinal Mucosa; Lactoferrin; Lactoglobulins; Liver; Male; Peptide Fragments; Random Allocation; Recombinant Proteins; Swine; Swine Diseases; Weaning

Topics: Amoxicillin; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalosporins; Colistin; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Enrofloxacin; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Fluoroquinolones; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nebramycin; Neomycin; Quinolones; Spain; Swine; Swine Diseases

The susceptibility of Escherichia coli K1, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium strains and their adaptative forms resistant to colistine (Colr forms) was compared with respect to their sensitivity to the bactericidal action of normal cord serum and normal bovine serum. It has been shown that the Colr forms are more susceptible to sera as compared to initial strains. The increase of sensitivity of the Colr forms is connected with structural changes within bacterial cell wall which is the target for complement as well as for colistine.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Blood Bactericidal Activity; Cattle; Child; Colistin; Colony Count, Microbial; Complement Pathway, Alternative; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Fetal Blood; Humans; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Ampicillin; Child, Preschool; Cholera; Colistin; Diarrhea; Disease Outbreaks; Drug Therapy, Combination; Feces; Female; Fluid Therapy; Gentamicins; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Thailand; Vibrio cholerae

Our previously described (H. Goossens, M. De Boeck, and J. P. Butzler, Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2:389-393, 1983) selective medium, consisting of cefoperazone (15 mg/liter), rifampin (10 mg/liter), colistin (10,000 IU/liter), and amphotericin B (2 mg/liter) (medium M1), for the isolation of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from stool specimens was modified as follows: cefoperazone (30 mg/liter), rifampin (10 mg/liter), and amphotericin B (2 mg/liter) (medium M2). A comparative study of the isolation of Campylobacter spp. from stool specimens was carried out with medium M1; medium M2; a selective blood-free medium consisting (per liter) of charcoal (4 g), ferrous sulfate (0.25 g), sodium pyruvate (0.25 g), casein hydrolysate (3 g), sodium deoxycholate (1 g), nutrient broth no. 2 (25 g), agar (12 g), and cefoperazone (32 mg) (medium M3); and Preston medium containing (per liter) trimethoprim (10 mg), rifampin (10 mg), polymyxin B (5,000 IU), and cycloheximide (100 mg) (medium M4). We also included a filtration system in which membrane filters were applied directly to the surface of the nonselective blood-free medium distributed in small petri dishes. A total of 5,276 stool specimens were tested: 2,788 stool specimens were tested on M1 and M3 in study 1; 2,488 stool specimens were inoculated on the four selective media in study 2, and the last 986 specimens of the 2,488 were tested in parallel with the filtration system. In study 2, 128 Campylobacter strains were isolated from 126 different patients; 85.0, 88.3, 82.5, and 66.6% of these strains were isolated on M1, M2, M3, and M4, respectively. No contaminating fecal flora was found on 65.4, 70.7, 62.4, and 40.3% of the M1, M2, M3, and M4 plates, respectively. Furthermore, C. coli was found to be more susceptible to antibiotics present in the selective media, particularly colistin and polymyxin B, than was C. jejuni. We therefore recommend M2 for the isolation of Campylobacter spp. Finally, the filtration method was found to be easy and cheap; although the sensitivity was low, this method allowed the isolation of new Campylobacter spp. which seem to be associated with diarrhea.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Campylobacter; Campylobacter fetus; Child; Colistin; Culture Media; Diarrhea; Feces; Filtration; Humans

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Diarrhea; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Feces; Furazolidone; Humans; Iran; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Neomycin; Polymyxins; Salmonella; Salmonella paratyphi A; Salmonella typhi; Salmonella typhimurium; Shigella; Shigella flexneri; Shigella sonnei; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Colistin; Culture Media; Diarrhea; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Microbial Sensitivity Tests

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Colistin; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Iran; Neomycin; Polymyxins; Salmonella Infections; Salmonella typhimurium; Shigella; Sulfonamides

Fecal specimens were collected on 22 different Nebraska ranches and at the Department of Veterinary Science from young calves and pigs with neonatal diarrhea. Enterobacteriaceae isolated from these fecal specimens were screened for resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin, sulfamethizole, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, colistin, nitrofurantoin, and nalidixic acid. Of the 92 strains studied, 57 were resistant to one or more of these antimicrobial agents. Resistant strains were obtained from all herds involved in the study. The two most common resistance patterns were tetracycline streptomycin sulfamethizole (22 of 57) and tetracycline (13 of 57). None of the strains were resistant to chloramphenicol, colistin, nitrofurantoin, or nalidixic acid. The 57 resistant strains were studied to determine whether the resistance was transferable. Forty-three of the 57 resistant strains could transfer part or all of their resistance pattern to a drug-sensitive recipient. The 43 R(+) strains were obtained from 17 of the 23 herds studied. Considerable variation was observed between different R(+) strains in the frequency of transfer of resistance to a particular drug. In addition, variation in the frequency of transfer of different resistance determinants in individual R(+) strains was noted.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Conjugation, Genetic; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Enterobacteriaceae; Escherichia; Escherichia coli; Extrachromosomal Inheritance; Kanamycin; Nalidixic Acid; Nitrofurantoin; Proteus; Streptomycin; Sulfamethizole; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracycline

Topics: Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Colistin; Diarrhea; Diarrhea, Infantile; Escherichia coli Infections; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Vaccination

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antidiarrheals; Bismuth; Child; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Diarrhea; Diarrhea, Infantile; Drug Therapy; Humans; Infant; Lactates; Opium; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Tannins; Tetracycline

Topics: Colistin; Cross Infection; Diarrhea; Diarrhea, Infantile; Disease Outbreaks; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Humans; Neomycin; Nitrofurantoin; Polymyxins; Propiophenones; Streptomycin; Sulfathiazoles

Topics: Colistin; Diarrhea; Diarrhea, Infantile; Drug Therapy; Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Humans; Infant; Neomycin

Topics: Candidiasis; Colistin; Diarrhea; Diarrhea, Infantile; Enterocolitis; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Infant; Intestines; Toxicology

Topics: Colistin; Diarrhea; Dysentery; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans

Topics: Colistin; Diarrhea; Diarrhea, Infantile; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Infant; Sprains and Strains; Syndrome

Topics: Colistin; Dehydration; Diarrhea; Diarrhea, Infantile; Humans; Infant

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Child; Colistin; Diarrhea; Dysentery; Humans; Infant

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Colistin; Diarrhea; Dysentery; Humans; Infant; Salts