colistin and Poultry-Diseases

Colistin has been re-assessed as a critically important antimicrobial in humans due to its efficacy against multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria, in particular P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, and K. pneumoniae. The recent discovery of mobile colistin resistance (mcr) determinants in humans and animals has brought concerns regarding the future of this antimicrobial. In this paper, we aim to highlight the current challenges with colistin resistant bacteria and to summarize reliable global data on colistin resistance in poultry production. In addition, we present and compare data from a screening for colistin resistance carried out on a collection of clinical Escherichia coli isolated from poultry in Italy. In Europe, resistance rates for Salmonella and E. coli are in general low with sporadic incidence of high colistin resistance levels. Absence of resistance or very low rates have been recorded in countries where colistin is either not employed (e.g. Norway) or used in minimal amounts (e.g. Denmark) in food-producing animals. In large poultry meat producing countries, such as China and Brazil, the widespread use of colistin has resulted in the dissemination of resistance determinants in diverse bacterial species. Worryingly, these bacteria are often co-resistant to other critically important antimicrobials, such as extended-spectrum cephalosporins. The data gap for many countries and for zoonotic bacteria, the role of the "phantom resistome" and the circulation of mcr-carriers expressing resistance phenotypes close or below the current ECOFF values, should be considered in future investigations. The importance of poultry as a cheap protein source and the global effort to mitigate colistin resistance and preserve this essential antimicrobial require a thorough re-assessment of colistin use in poultry.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Humans; Italy; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Poultry Products

Bacteriophages (BP) are viruses that can infect bacteria. The present study evaluated the effect of BP on Salmonella infected broilers. A number of 150 day-old broilers were used in a completely randomized design with five treatments that included: (1) basal diet from day 0 to 28; (2) basal diet + 0.3 g/kg of colistin from day 0 to 28; (3) basal diet from day 1 to 13, and basal diet + 0.4 g/kg of colistin from day 14 to 28; (4) basal diet + 1 g/kg of BP from day 0 to 28; (5) basal diet + 1.5 g/kg of BP from day 0 to 28. On day 13, 15 chickens from each treatment were challenged by Salmonella Enteritidis (SE), while fifteen from each treatment were not; instead, they were kept in the same cage with the challenged chickens (exposed chickens). At 7 and 14 days post-challenge, the number of SE and coliform bacteria in the cecum and liver of colistin and BP-fed birds was lower than the control treatment. In exposed and challenged chickens, the height and surface area of villus were greater in the BP and colistin-supplemented groups. Serum concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase were greater, while serum albumin and triglycerides concentrations were lower in the control treatment. The liver of the challenged chickens had more pathological lesions than exposed birds. BP significantly decreased PPARγ gene expression in exposed chickens. In the challenged and exposed chickens, TLR4 gene expression was lower in BP and colistin-treated birds as compared to the control. In conclusion, adding BP to the diet from the day of age prevents the spread of Salmonella.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Bacteriophages; Chickens; Colistin; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella enteritidis; Salmonella Infections, Animal

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Topics: Aminoglycosides; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carbapenems; Cephalosporins; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Multiple; Enrofloxacin; Flavobacteriaceae Infections; Nalidixic Acid; Ornithobacterium; Oxacillin; Poultry Diseases; Tetracyclines; Turkeys; Tylosin

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carbapenems; Chickens; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plasmids; Poultry Diseases

To characterize the colistin-resistant bacterial population in the gut and assess diversity of mcr-1 transmission within a single individual.. Large numbers of isolates (>100 colonies/chicken cecum sample) were collected from nine randomly selected mcr-1-positive chickens in China and used for comprehensive microbiological, molecular and comparative genomics analyses.. Of 1273 colonies, 968 were mcr-1 positive (962 Escherichia coli, two Escherichia fergusonii, two Klebsiella pneumoniae and two Klebsiella quasipneumoniae). One to six colistin-resistant species and three to 10 E. coli pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) clusters could be identified from each sample. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis of the representative E. coli strains revealed three to nine sequence types observed in a single chicken host. The mcr-1 genes are located in either chromosomes or plasmids of different types, including IncI2 (n=30), IncHI2 (n=14), IncX4 (n=4), p0111(n=2) and IncHI1(n=1). Strikingly, in single cecum samples, one to five Inc type plasmids harbouring mcr-1 could be identified. Great diversity was also observed for the same IncI2 plasmid within a single chicken host. In addition, up to eight genetic contexts of the mcr-1 gene occurred within a single chicken.. There is extensive heterogeneity and flexibility of mcr-1 transmission in chicken gut due to bacterial species differences, distant clonal relatedness of isolates, many types and variations of mcr-positive plasmids, and the flexible genetic context of the mcr-1 gene. These compelling findings indicate that the gut is a 'melting pot' for active horizontal transfer of the mcr-1 gene.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cecum; Chickens; China; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Gene Transfer, Horizontal; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plasmids; Poultry Diseases; Whole Genome Sequencing

Salmonella is a zoonotic bacterium transmitted through the food chain and is an important cause of disease in humans. The current study is aimed to characterize Salmonella isolates from broiler breeder chickens farms using, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing analysis of representative isolates.. S. Kentucky (n=11), S. Enteritidis (n=4), S. Typhimurium (n=3), S. Breanderp (n=1), and Sand S. Newport (n=1), were identified from chicken farms. Antimicrobial sensitivity test among the strains were investigated using 13 antibacterial discs. The amplified fragments of fliC and sefA genes were used to characterize S. Kentucky, S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium strains. Sequence analysis of the amplified PCR products for Salmonella Kentucky, Enteritidis and Typhimurium were carried out.. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing revealed that 95% of the isolates were resistant to penicillin, 85% to norfloxacin and colistin sulfate (each), 75% to gentamicin, 70% to nalidixic acid and 60% to flumequine. The obtained sequences revealed the close identity of the isolated strains with other Salmonella reference strains in different countries.. Analysis of the selected salmonellae confirm the report of Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Kentucky circulation among broiler breeder flocks and the need to determine antibacterial susceptibility pattern regularly to detect multidrug-resistant salmonellae. The present study reports the circulation of Salmonella Kentucky, Enteritidis and Typhimurium among broiler breeder farms in Egypt. Emergency control of salmonellae is a global public health concern.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; Chickens; Colistin; Fluoroquinolones; Genetic Variation; Gentamicins; Humans; Nalidixic Acid; Norfloxacin; Penicillins; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella enterica; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Zoonoses

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; Colistin; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Intestines; Male; Paenibacillus; Poultry Diseases; Probiotics

Antimicrobials are used to support livestock health and productivity, but might pose a risk for the development of antimicrobial resistance; in particular, when multiple livestock species are raised together in production systems. On integrated chicken-fish farms, chickens are raised over fish ponds and poultry faeces is excreted into the ponds. We investigated antimicrobial usage and the antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli cultured from poultry faeces on 301 integrated farms in Ayeyarwady Delta of Myanmar. Antimicrobials were used by 92.4% of farmers for chickens, but they were not applied to fish. The most common antimicrobials used were Octamix (amoxicillin and colistin sulfate) on 28.4%, enrofloxacin on 21.0% and amoxicillin on 16% of farms. Overall, 83.1% (152/183) of the E. coli were resistant to at least one antimicrobial. The highest level of resistance was to amoxicillin (54.6%), tetracycline (39.9%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (35.5%) and enrofloxacin (34.4%). Multidrug resistance was identified in 42.4% of isolates. In general, we found similar levels of antimicrobial resistance in non-users of antimicrobials as in users of antimicrobials for more commonly applied antimicrobials. Overall, antimicrobial resistance was lower in chickens on these integrated farms in Myanmar, compared to poultry farms in other countries of South East and East Asia.

Topics: Amoxicillin; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Aquaculture; Chickens; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Farmers; Farms; Fisheries; Livestock; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Myanmar; Poultry; Poultry Diseases

The convergence of high virulence and multidrug resistance (MDR) in Gram-negative pathogens circulating at the human-animal interface is a critical public health issue. We hereby report the genomic characteristics and virulent behavior of a colistin-resistant Escherichia coli, serotype ONT:H26, belonging to ST6395, isolated from a healthy broiler in Pakistan. This strain harbored multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, including mcr-1.1 and blaCARB-2, besides cma (colicin M) and astA [heat-stable enterotoxin 1 (EAST1) toxin] virulence genes. In vivo experiments carried out with the Galleria mellonella infection model revealed that MCR-1-positive E. coli ST6395 killed 96.4% of the larvae at 18 hour post-infection. Interplay between resistance and virulence in clinically important pathogens could be a potential threat, representing a serious challenge to global public health.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Genomics; Pakistan; Poultry Diseases; Virulence; Virulence Factors

In recent years, several plasmids harbouring genes encoding phosphoethanolamine transferases conferring colistin resistance have been described in multiple Enterobacteriaceae species. Avian Pathogenic E. coli (APEC) causes colibacillosis and is responsible for a considerable proportion of the disease burden in commercial poultry flocks, and may be linked to zoonotic infections in humans. Here, we describe the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of a multidrug-resistant APEC ST69 isolate (APECA2), recovered in 2016 from a diseased broiler at post-mortem examination in Germany. The isolate was resistant to several antibiotics of human and veterinary importance, including colistin. The mcr-1 gene was detected on a mobile genetic element located on an IncHI2/ST4 plasmid, which was characterized using long-read Nanopore and short-read Illumina sequencing of purified plasmid. Isolate APECA2 displayed resistance to chicken serum and harbours numerous virulence genes. This study highlights the public health importance of enhanced antimicrobial resistance surveillance and strict antimicrobial stewardship in human and veterinary healthcare.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Genotype; Germany; Plasmids; Poultry Diseases; Virulence

Topics: Algeria; Animals; Chickens; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Proteins; Feces; Poultry Diseases

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Colistin; Dietary Supplements; Eating; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Gene Expression Regulation; Intestines; Poultry Diseases; Probiotics; Synbiotics; Weight Gain

This study investigated the prevalence of Escherichia coli (E. coli) colistin resistance and mcr-1 and mcr-2 genes among extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)/AmpC-producing E. coli isolates recovered from chicken feces in Canada (Quebec), Senegal and Vietnam, and evaluated the susceptibility pattern of the colistin-resistant E. coli isolates to other clinically relevant antimicrobials.. A total of 327 potential ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli isolates from chicken farms in Canada (Quebec), Senegal and Vietnam were analysed for colistin susceptibility by broth microdilution method and for the presence of mcr (1-2) genes by PCR. The pmrA and pmrB genes of colistin-resistant E. coli isolates, in the absence of mcr (1-2) genes, were sequenced. Antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of colistin-resistant E. coli isolates were determined by disk diffusion.. None of the 108 potential ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli isolates from seven farms in Canada were colistin-resistant or possessed mcr-1 or mcr-2 gene. A low prevalence of 2.2% of colistin resistance was observed in 93 Senegalese isolates from the 15 sampled farms, although neither mcr-1 nor mcr-2 gene was found. A prevalence of 8.7% of colistin resistance was observed among 126 Vietnamese isolates from two of the four sampled farms. The mcr-1 gene was detected in 85% of the 13 phenotypically colistin-resistant isolates. Moreover, all colistin-resistant isolates presented a multidrug-resistant phenotype.. The co-existence of the mcr-1 and ESBL/AmpC genes and the very high level of multiple drug resistance in all colistin-resistant E. coli isolates obtained from sampled chicken farms in Vietnam is a major concern.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; beta-Lactamases; Chickens; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Farms; Feces; Membrane Proteins; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Poultry Diseases; Prevalence; Quebec; Senegal; Vietnam

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Lebanon; Plasmids; Poultry; Poultry Diseases

The increasing incidence of intestinal colonization with extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae and Gram negative organisms that has been observed in food animals such as poultry, cattle and pigs, are suggestive that animals, food and environment are potential sources of ESBL-producing bacteria. Hence, the aim of this study was to characterized commensal E. coli obtained from healthy broiler and turkey flocks at slaughter for the presence of penicillinases-, ESBL-, extended-spectrum AmpC (ESAC)-, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance- and MCR-encoding genes. Study of clonal relatedness showed genetic diversity among CTX-M-type, SHV-12 and TEM-52 producing isolates with human isolates of the same type, was also assessed. We detected that eleven (5.4%, 11/202) and forty-five (2.2%, 45/185) E. coli isolates from broilers and turkeys, respectively, carried bla

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactamases; Cephalosporins; Chickens; Colistin; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Food Contamination; Plasmids; Portugal; Poultry Diseases; Turkeys

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Food Microbiology; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pakistan; Plasmids; Poultry Diseases

Reports of livestock infections with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-E) are increasing. Based on interviews conducted over a 6-month period, we found that veterinarians in the Vietnamese province of Thai Binh prefer to prescribe colistin-based drugs (CBD) in chicken farms. We aimed to clarify whether CBD use selects for strains of colistin-resistant ESBL-E. With the cooperation of seven local households, we detected ESBL-E in chickens' feces after treating chickens with CBD. Phylogenetic groupings and the presence of CTX-M/AmpC genes were determined, and the multi-antibiotic susceptibility of isolates was analyzed. Our results showed that ESBL-E presented in seven chickens' feces from two households. Seventy-two percent of ESBL-E isolates harbored CTX-M9 and the phylogenetic group A; the colistin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of all isolated ESBL-E ranged from 0.064 to 1 μg mL

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; beta-Lactamases; Chickens; Colistin; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Farms; Feces; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phylogeny; Poultry Diseases; Thailand; Vietnam

We screened mcr-1 and mcr-2 genes in 9,306 Escherichia coli strains isolated from healthy animals in the Japanese Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring (JVARM) system. mcr-1 was detected in 39 strains (5, 20, and 14 strains isolated from cattle, swine, and broilers, respectively), whereas mcr-2 was not detected. mcr-2 was also not detected with the investigation sequence homology search against our curated GenEpid-J database.

Topics: Animal Husbandry; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Chickens; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Gene Expression; Japan; Meat; Poultry Diseases; Prevalence; Protein Isoforms; Swine; Swine Diseases

We investigated the consequences of colistin use in backyard chicken farms in Vietnam by examining the prevalence of mcr-1 in fecal samples from chickens and humans. Detection of mcr-1-carrying bacteria in chicken samples was associated with colistin use and detection in human samples with exposure to mcr-1-positive chickens.

Topics: Aging; Animals; Chickens; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Feces; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phylogeny; Poultry Diseases; Risk Factors; Vietnam; Zoonoses

Antimicrobial resistance associated with colistin has emerged as a significant concern worldwide threatening the use of one of the most important antimicrobials for treating human disease. Here, we examined a collection (n = 980) of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolated from poultry with colibacillosis from the US and internationally for the presence of mcr-1 and mcr-2, genes known to encode colistin resistance. Included in the analysis was an additional set of avian fecal E. coli (AFEC) (n = 220) isolates from healthy birds for comparative analysis. The mcr-1 gene was detected in a total of 12 isolates recovered from diseased production birds from China and Egypt. No mcr genes were detected in the healthy fecal isolates. The full mcr-1 gene from positive isolates was sequenced using specifically designed primers and were compared with sequences currently described in NCBI. mcr-1 positive isolates were also assessed for phenotypic colistin resistance and extended spectrum beta lactam phenotypes and genotypes. This study has identified mcr-1 in APEC isolates dating back to at least 2010 and suggests that animal husbandry practices could result in a potential source of resistance to the human food chain in countries where application of colistin in animal health is practiced.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactamases; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plasmids; Poultry Diseases

Recent findings suggest that use of colistin as a last resort antibiotic is seriously threatened by the rise of a new plasmid mediated mechanism of resistance (MCR-1). This work identifies, for the first time in Southern Europe, the gene mcr-1 in nine strains from farm animals (poultry and swine) corresponding to five Escherichia coli and four Salmonella enterica, among which three belong to serovar Typhimurium and one to Rissen. The MCR-1 was found encoded by a plasmid highly mobilizable by conjugation to the E. coli J53 strain. Two E. coli strains carried two determinants, mcr-1 plus pmrA or pmrB mutations, known to confer colistin resistance.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella enterica; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella typhimurium; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Spain; Swine; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plasmids; Poultry Diseases; South Africa

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is one of the leading causes of food-borne salmonellosis in humans. Poultry is the single largest reservoir, and the consumption of incorrectly processed chicken meat and egg products is the major source of infection. Since 2006, the use of antibiotics as growth promoters has been banned in the European Union, and the dietary inclusion of β-galactomannans (βGM) has become a promising strategy to control and prevent intestinal infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of various βGM-rich products on intestinal morphology in chickens challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis. To assess this effect, a total of 280 male Ross 308 chickens were studied (40 animals per treatment housed in 5 cages). There were 7 treatments, including controls: uninoculated birds fed the basal diet (negative control) and inoculated birds fed the basal diet (positive control) or the basal diet supplemented with Salmosan (1 g/kg), Duraió gum (1 g/kg), Cassia gum (1 g/kg), the cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (0.5 g/kg), or the antibiotic colistine (0.8 g/kg). The birds were fed these diets from the d 1 to 23, except the animals in the colistine group, which were fed the diet containing the antibiotic only from d 5 to 11. The inoculated animals were orally infected on d 7 with 10(8) cfu of Salmonella Enteritidis. Bird performance per replicate was determined for the whole study period (23 d), and the distal ileum and cecal tonsil of 5 animals per treatment (1 animal per replicate) were observed at different magnification levels (scanning electron, light, and laser confocal microscopy). In the images corresponding to the treatments containing βGM we observed more mucus, an effect that can be associated with the observation of more goblet cells. Moreover, the images also show fewer M cells, which are characteristic of infected animals. Regarding the morphometric parameters, the animals that received Duraió and Cassia gums show greater (P = 0.001 and P = 0.016, respectively) villus length compared with the animals in the positive control, thus indicating the capacity of these products to increase epithelial surface area. However, no effect (P > 0.05) on microvillus dimensions was detected. In conclusion, the results obtained indicating the beneficial effects of these βGM on intestinal morphology give more evidence of the positive effects of these supplements in poultry nutrition.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cecum; Chickens; Colistin; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Enteritis; Galactose; Humans; Ileum; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Male; Mannans; Microvilli; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella enteritidis; Salmonella Infections, Animal