buprenorphine and Diarrhea

In this large population-based cohort, individuals with more-severe obesity, central obesity, or genetic predisposition for obesity are at higher risk of developing severe-COVID-19.. The use of different references for the classification of a high %BF implied a difference in the diagnostic sensitivity of the BMI. Higher cutoff points resulted in greater sensitivity and ability to differentiate individuals with and without obesity.

Topics: Acyclic Monoterpenes; Adipose Tissue; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Air Pollutants; Air Pollutants, Occupational; Amino Acid Transport Systems; Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Arthrobacter; Bacteria; Bacteriological Techniques; Benzaldehydes; Biodegradation, Environmental; Biofilms; Biological Transport; Biomarkers; Biomass; Bioreactors; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Brassica; Brazil; Buprenorphine; Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug Combination; Caco-2 Cells; Cadmium; Calcium; Calcium Carbonate; Calcium Channels; Catalysis; Cell Degranulation; Cell Line; Cell Membrane; Chitosan; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromium; Cobalt; Cohort Studies; Colony Count, Microbial; Composting; Copper; COVID-19; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cytoplasm; Delayed-Action Preparations; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diarrhea; Diethylhexyl Phthalate; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Implants; Drug Stability; Drug Synergism; Electroplating; Endometrial Neoplasms; Endometrium; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Restoration and Remediation; Estradiol; Estrogens; Feces; Female; Food Microbiology; Food Preservation; Fruit and Vegetable Juices; Gasotransmitters; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Glutathione; Gold; Graphite; Growth Hormone; Harm Reduction; Hot Temperature; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Hydrogen; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydrogen Sulfide; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Ileum; Imidazoles; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Insecticides; Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1; Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2; Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 5; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; Intestinal Absorption; Light; Lignin; Liver; Magnetics; Male; Manganese; Mast Cells; Melanoma; Membrane Potentials; Metals; Methadone; Microbial Viability; Microplastics; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Middle Aged; Mitochondrial Swelling; Molecular Dynamics Simulation; Monophenol Monooxygenase; Morocco; Naloxone; Naltrexone; Nanocomposites; Nanomedicine; Nanoparticles; Narcotic Antagonists; Neonicotinoids; Nitric Oxide; Nitro Compounds; Nitrogen; Nitrogen Compounds; Obesity; Obesity, Abdominal; Occupational Exposure; Ontario; Opiate Substitution Treatment; Opioid-Related Disorders; Oryza; Overweight; Oxidative Stress; Oxides; Oxygen; Perception; Photoelectron Spectroscopy; Plants; Plastics; Point Mutation; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; Potassium; Premenopause; Prodrugs; Prospective Studies; Protons; Pyrolysis; Qualitative Research; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reactive Oxygen Species; Resins, Synthetic; Rhodamines; Risk Factors; ROC Curve; Salmo salar; SARS-CoV-2; Seawater; Severity of Illness Index; Sewage; Social Media; Soil; Soil Microbiology; Soil Pollutants; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Spectrum Analysis, Raman; Staining and Labeling; Stainless Steel; Steel; Stress, Physiological; Substance Abuse Treatment Centers; Symporters; T-Lymphocytes; Toluene; Triclosan; Ultraviolet Rays; Waist Circumference; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Wastewater; Water Purification; Welding; X-Ray Diffraction; Young Adult

The safety of a proprietary formulation of buprenorphine hydrochloride administered subcutaneously (SC) to young cats was investigated in a blinded, randomized study. Four cohorts of eight cats aged approximately 4 months were administered saline, 0.24, 0.72 or 1.20 mg/kg/day buprenorphine SC for nine consecutive days, representing 0×, 1×, 3× and 5× of the intended dose. Cats were monitored daily for evidence of clinical reactions, food and water intake and adverse events (AEs). Physical examinations, clinical pathology, vital signs and electrocardiograms (ECGs) were evaluated at protocol-specified time points. Complete necropsy and histopathologic examinations were performed following humane euthanasia. Four buprenorphine-treated cats experienced AEs during the study, two unrelated and two related to study drug administration. The two cats with AEs considered related to drug administration had clinical signs of hyperactivity, difficulty in handling, disorientation, agitation and dilated pupils in one 0.24 mg/kg/day cat and one 0.72 mg/kg/day cat. All of these clinical signs were observed simultaneously. There were no drug-related effects on survival, injection response, injection site inspections, body weight, food or water consumption, bleeding time, urinalysis, respiration rate, heart rate, ECGs, blood pressures, body temperatures, macroscopic examinations or organ weights. Once daily buprenorphine s.c. injections at doses of 0.24, 0.72 and 1.20 mg/kg/day for 9 consecutive days were well tolerated in young domestic cats.

Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Blood Coagulation; Buprenorphine; Cats; Confusion; Diarrhea; Drinking; Eating; Female; Hyperkinesis; Injections, Subcutaneous; Male

For individuals dependent on opioids, recovery efforts begin with a period of withdrawal that typically includes discomfort from symptoms, possibly precipitating a return to drug use. The study described here investigated whether the provision of ancillary medications for opioid withdrawal symptoms affected treatment outcomes in 139 participants receiving buprenorphine in a 13-day detoxification trial. Outcome measures include the number of opioid-free urine samples collected and retention in treatment. Ancillary medications were provided to 70% of participants: 59% received medication for insomnia, 45% for anxiety, 40% for bone pain, 35% for nausea, and 28% for diarrhea. Findings indicate no difference in the number of opioid-free urine samples between the group receiving ancillary medication and the group who did not, although tests of specific ancillary medications indicate that those who received diarrhea medication had fewer opioid-free urines than those who did not (P = .004). Results also indicate that participants attended fewer days of treatment if they received anxiety, nausea, or diarrhea medication compared to no medication (all P values < .05).

Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anxiety; Buprenorphine; Diarrhea; Female; Humans; Inactivation, Metabolic; Male; Middle Aged; Narcotics; Nausea; Opioid-Related Disorders; Pain; Receptors, Opioid, delta; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Treatment Outcome

Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Buprenorphine; Cocaine-Related Disorders; Diagnosis, Differential; Diarrhea; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Naloxone; Narcotic Antagonists; Nausea; Opioid-Related Disorders; Oxycodone; Substance Abuse Detection; Vomiting

For patients experiencing inadequate analgesia and intolerable opioid-related side effects on one strong opioid analgesic, pain relief with acceptable tolerability is often achieved by rotation to a second strong opioid. These observations suggest subtle pharmacodynamic differences between opioids in vivo. This study in rats was designed to assess differences between opioids in their in vivo profiles.. Male Sprague Dawley rats were given single i.c.v. bolus doses of morphine, morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G), fentanyl, oxycodone, buprenorphine, DPDPE ([D-penicillamine(2,5) ]-enkephalin) or U69,593. Antinociception, constipation and respiratory depression were assessed using the warm water tail-flick test, the castor oil-induced diarrhoea test and whole body plethysmography respectively.. These opioid agonists produced dose-dependent antinociception, constipation and respiratory depression. For antinociception, morphine, fentanyl and oxycodone were full agonists, buprenorphine and M6G were partial agonists, whereas DPDPE and U69,593 had low potency. For constipation, M6G, fentanyl and buprenorphine were full agonists, oxycodone was a partial agonist, morphine produced a bell-shaped dose-response curve, whereas DPDPE and U69,593 were inactive. For respiratory depression, morphine, M6G, fentanyl and buprenorphine were full agonists, oxycodone was a partial agonist, whereas DPDPE and U69,593 were inactive. The respiratory depressant effects of fentanyl and oxycodone were of short duration, whereas morphine, M6G and buprenorphine evoked prolonged respiratory depression.. For the seven opioids we assessed, no two had the same profile for evoking antinociception, constipation and respiratory depression, suggesting that these effects are differentially regulated. Our findings may explain the clinical success of 'opioid rotation'.. This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2.

Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Benzeneacetamides; Buprenorphine; Castor Oil; Constipation; Diarrhea; Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-; Fentanyl; Hot Temperature; Male; Morphine; Morphine Derivatives; Oxycodone; Pain; Pyrrolidines; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Respiratory Insufficiency

The opioid and nociceptin systems play a crucial role in the maintenance of homeostasis in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The aim of this study was to characterize the effect of BU08070, a novel mixed MOP/NOP agonist, on mouse intestinal contractility in vitro and GI motility in vivo in physiological conditions and in animal models mimicking symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), including diarrhea and abdominal pain. The effect of BU08070 on muscle contractility in vitro was characterized in the ileum and colon. To assess the effect of BU08070 in vivo, the following parameters were assessed: whole GI transit, gastric emptying, geometric center, colonic bead expulsion, fecal pellet output and time to castor oil-induced diarrhea. The antinociceptive activity of BU08070 was characterized in the mustard oil (MO)-induced abdominal pain model and the writhing test, alone and in the presence of MOP and NOP antagonists. in vitro, BU08070 (10(-10)-10(-6) M) inhibited colonic and ileal smooth muscle contractions in a concentration-dependent manner. in vivo, BU08070 prolonged the whole GI transit and inhibited colonic bead expulsion. The antitransit and antidiarrheal effects of BU08070 were observed already at the dose of 0.1 mg/kg (i.p.). BU08070 reversed hypermotility and reduced pain in mouse models mimicking IBS-D symptoms. Our results suggest that BU08070 has a potential of becoming an efficient drug in IBS-D therapy. Here we also validate mixed NOP/MOP receptor targeting as possible future treatment of functional GI diseases.

Topics: Abdominal Pain; Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Buprenorphine; Castor Oil; Colon; Diarrhea; Disease Models, Animal; Gastric Emptying; Gastrointestinal Motility; Ileum; In Vitro Techniques; Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Male; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Smooth; Mustard Plant; Nociceptin Receptor; Plant Oils; Receptors, Opioid; Receptors, Opioid, mu

The occurrence of an opioid addiction within an opioid treatment of pain or diarrhoea in inflammatory bowel disease is rarely reported. We report on a 36-year-old male with a 14 years lasting left sided chronic ulcerative colitis who developed after the initiation of a therapy with tincture of opium because of abdominal pain and diarrhoea an opioid addiction with the consumption of opium and later buprenorphin. Additionally to the diagnostics and therapy of the ulcerative colitis a detoxication was carried out. The diarrhoea slightly increased during the buprenorphin withdrawal. Diarrhoea refractory to other treatment should be treated by loperamid because of its lacking effects on the central nervous system. In chronic abdominal or musculoskeletal pain in inflammatory bowel disease opioids can be used if no surgical or other medical pain relief is possible. A consequent control of the therapeutic and side effects of the opioid therapy is necessary, especially of an abuse of opioid medication. The published case reports of a therapeutic induction of opioid addiction demonstrate that psychiatric comorbidity is an essential or even necessary risk factor. A checklist with seven criteria of opioid addiction during opioid therapy is presented.

Topics: Abdominal Pain; Adult; Buprenorphine; Colitis, Ulcerative; Combined Modality Therapy; Diarrhea; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Male; Opioid-Related Disorders; Opium; Self Medication; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome

The effects of buprenorphine on castor-oil-induced diarrhoea, gastrointestinal transit and ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats were compared to the same effects of morphine. Like morphine, buprenorphine prevented castor-oil-induced diarrhoea. However, it has no effect on gastrointestinal transit per se but prevented the inhibitory action of morphine. While morphine protected against ethanol-induced gastric lesions, buprenorphine aggravated them. It is suggested that different types/subtypes of opioid receptors may be involved in the gastrointestinal actions of buprenorphine.

Topics: Animals; Buprenorphine; Diarrhea; Digestive System; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Male; Morphine; Naloxone; Rats; Rats, Wistar

1. Doses of buprenorphine (0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10 and 50 mg/kg) were administered to determine buprenorphine's ability to precipitate abstinence symptoms in morphine-dependent mice. 2. When buprenorphine was administered in the fourth day of morphine addiction, the results demonstrate that the administration of the partial agonist opioid produce a bell-shaped dose-response curve. 3. The highest dose (50 mg/kg) was partially inactive while lower doses causing similar percentage than group treated with naloxone with respect to the appearance of the most of the symptoms of abstinence studied (diarrhoea, tremor, shaking-"wet dog shakes"-, jumping and weight loss). 4. Our findings demonstrate the bell-shaped response curve of the antagonist effects of buprenorphine.

Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Buprenorphine; Diarrhea; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Morphine Dependence; Naloxone; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Tremor