Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil chemotaxis. Neutrophil chemotaxis is the directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Negative regulation of neutrophil chemotaxis is a critical process that ensures proper immune response and prevents excessive inflammation. Neutrophils, a type of white blood cell, are the first responders to sites of infection and tissue damage. They are attracted to the site of injury by chemoattractants, which are chemical signals released by damaged cells or pathogens. This process, known as chemotaxis, allows neutrophils to migrate towards the source of inflammation and fight off pathogens.
However, unregulated neutrophil chemotaxis can lead to excessive inflammation and tissue damage. Therefore, several mechanisms are in place to negatively regulate neutrophil chemotaxis. These mechanisms involve a complex interplay of signaling pathways, cell surface receptors, and intracellular mediators.
One of the key mechanisms involves the downregulation of chemokine receptors. Chemokine receptors are expressed on the surface of neutrophils and bind to chemoattractants, triggering intracellular signaling cascades that lead to chemotaxis. Upon stimulation, these receptors can become desensitized or internalized, reducing their responsiveness to further chemoattractant signals.
Another important mechanism involves the production of inhibitory signals. Some cells release anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10 and TGF-β, which suppress neutrophil chemotaxis by inhibiting the production of chemokines or by directly acting on neutrophils to reduce their migratory capacity.
Furthermore, specific enzymes, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), can degrade chemokines, reducing their ability to attract neutrophils.
Additionally, intracellular signaling pathways, such as the PI3K/Akt pathway, can be activated to inhibit neutrophil chemotaxis by modulating the expression of chemokine receptors or by directly interfering with cytoskeletal rearrangements necessary for cell migration.
In summary, negative regulation of neutrophil chemotaxis is a complex process involving multiple mechanisms that act in concert to ensure a balanced immune response. By controlling the migration of neutrophils, these mechanisms prevent excessive inflammation and tissue damage while maintaining the ability to fight off infections.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 | A dipeptidyl peptidase 4 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P27487] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| gallic acid | gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid. | trihydroxybenzoic acid | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite |
| acetazolamide | Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337) | monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles | anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor |
| dichlorphenamide | Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma. | dichlorobenzene; sulfonamide | antiglaucoma drug; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; ophthalmology drug |
| ethoxzolamide | ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic. Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia. | aromatic ether; benzothiazoles; sulfonamide | antiglaucoma drug; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor |
| metformin | metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1. Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289) | guanidines | environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic |
| methazolamide | Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma. | sulfonamide; thiadiazoles | |
| pyrimethamine | Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds | aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes | antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor |
| trimethoprim | trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge. Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported. | aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes | antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| trimetrexate | Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect. | ||
| wb 4101 | N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine bearing a [(2',6'-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethylamino]methyl group at position 2. An alpha1A-adrenergic selective antagonist. | aromatic ether; benzodioxine; secondary amino compound | alpha-adrenergic antagonist |
| flavone | flavone : The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2. flavone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure given in first source | flavones | metabolite; nematicide |
| vidarabine | adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. | beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside | antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; nucleoside antibiotic |
| piritrexim | piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source | ||
| quinpirole | quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist. Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist. | pyrazoloquinoline | dopamine agonist |
| baicalin | dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative | antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug | |
| epigallocatechin gallate | (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin. epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis) | flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite |
| epiroprim | epiroprim: an analog of trimethoprim with improved antimicrobial and pharmacokinetic properties; structure given in first source | ||
| malvidin chloride | |||
| ubenimex | ubenimex: growth inhibitor | ||
| hesperetin | 3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; monomethoxyflavanone; trihydroxyflavanone | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite | |
| sori 8895 | SoRI 8895: RN in first source | ||
| 2,6-dimethylphenylphthalimide | 2,6-dimethylphenylphthalimide: enhances alpha-tumor necrosis factor production; structure in first source | ||
| eriocitrin | eriocitrin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of eriodictyol substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. eriocitrin: structure in first source | 3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; rutinoside; trihydroxyflavanone | antioxidant |
| dehydropregnenolone acetate | dehydropregnenolone acetate: structure | steroid ester | |
| diprotin a | peptide | ||
| territrem b | territrem B: tremorgenic mycotoxin from Aspergillus terreus; RN given refers to (4aR-(4aalpha,6abeta,12aalpha,12bbeta))-isomer | ||
| 4-amino-n-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)phthalimide | 4-amino-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)phthalimide: a potent anticonvulsant against maximal electroshock-induced seizures; structure given in first source | ||
| territrem c | territrem C: tremorgenic mycotoxin from Aspergillus terreus; MF C28-H32-O9; structure given in first source | ||
| n-valyltryptophan | N-valyltryptophan: RN given refers to (L)-isomer | peptide | |
| jtp 4819 | JTP 4819: a prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor; structure given in first source | ||
| 1-(1-phenylcyclopentyl)methylamine | cyclopentanes; primary aliphatic amine | ||
| n-(3-chloro-7-indolyl)-1,4-benzenedisulphonamide | indisulam : A chloroindole that is 3-chloro-1H-indole substituted by a [(4-sulfamoylphenyl)sulfonyl]nitrilo group at position 7. It is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor and a potential anti-cancer agent currently in clinical development. N-(3-chloro-7-indolyl)-1,4-benzenedisulphonamide: structure in first source | chloroindole; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide | antineoplastic agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor |
| naringenin | (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin. | (2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin | expectorant; plant metabolite |
| cyanidin 3-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside | cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside : An anthocyanin cation that is a cyanidin cation linked to a beta-D-glucosyl moiety at position 3. | anthocyanin cation; beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative | metabolite |
| resveratrol | trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration. | resveratrol | antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger |
| valine-pyrrolidide | valine-pyrrolidide: structure given in first source | ||
| caffeic acid | trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid. | caffeic acid | geroprotector; mouse metabolite |
| 2-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-5-amino-1h-isoindole-1,3-dione | 2-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-5-amino-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source | ||
| meso-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine, (r-(r*,s*))-isomer | diphenylethylenediamine: structure in first source | ||
| sitagliptin | sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity. | triazolopyrazine; trifluorobenzene | EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; hypoglycemic agent; serine proteinase inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| quercetin | 7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone | antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger | |
| apigenin | Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia. | trihydroxyflavone | antineoplastic agent; metabolite |
| luteolin | 3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone | angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist | |
| rutin | Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders. | disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone | antioxidant; metabolite |
| kaempferol | 7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone | antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite | |
| genistein | 7-hydroxyisoflavones | antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor | |
| baicalein | trihydroxyflavone | angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger | |
| 3,7-dihydroxyflavone | 3,7-dihydroxyflavone: structure in first source 7-hydroxyflavonol : Any flavonol carrying a 7-hydroxy substituent. | hydroxyflavan | |
| enalaprilat anhydrous | enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection. Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion. | dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor |
| manzamine a | manzamine A : An alkaloid of the class of beta-carbolines isolated from Haliclona and Acanthostrongylophora. It exhibits inhibitory activity against Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (EC 2.7.11.26). manzamine A: RN given refers to (1R-(1R*,9Z,13S*,13aR*,20aR*,21aR*)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92 | alkaloid; beta-carbolines; isoquinolines | animal metabolite; anti-HSV-1 agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; marine metabolite |
| vildagliptin | amino acid amide | ||
| talabostat | talabostat: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source | ||
| meso-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine | meso-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine: structure | ||
| sulphostin | sulphostin: isolated from Streptomyces; structure in first source | ||
| nvp-dpp728 | |||
| pp-33 | |||
| linagliptin | linagliptin : A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes. Linagliptin: A purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an INCRETIN and DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBTOR. It is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT in the treatment of TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS. | aminopiperidine; quinazolines | EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent |
| alanylpyrrolidine-boronic acid | |||
| arisugacin | arisugacin A : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 4a,12a-dihydroxy-4,4,6a,12b-tetramethyl-4a,6,6a,12,12a,12b-hexahydro-4H,11H-benzo[f]pyrano[4,3-b]chromene-1,11(5H)-dione substituted by 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl group at position 9 (the 4aR,6aR,12aS,12bS steroisomer). Isolated from the culture broth of Penicillium, it acts as a selective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. arisugacin: isolated from Penicillium sp. FO-4259; structure given in first source | aromatic ether; delta-lactone; enone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary alcohol | antimicrobial agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite; Penicillium metabolite |
| kyp 2047 | |||
| uamc00039 | UAMC00039: dipeptidyl peptidase II inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
| bms 477118 | adamantanes; azabicycloalkane; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; tertiary alcohol | EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent | |
| dutogliptin | |||
| alogliptin | alogliptin : A piperidine that is 3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidine carrying additional 2-cyanobenzyl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used in the form of its benzoate salt for treatment of type 2 diabetes. alogliptin: structure in first source | nitrile; piperidines; primary amino compound; pyrimidines | EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent |
| gosogliptin | amino acid amide | ||
| 2-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-5-hydroxy-1h-isoindole-1,3-dione | 2-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-5-hydroxy-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione: structure in first source | ||
| teneligliptin | amino acid amide | ||
| trelagliptin | trelagliptin: a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor | benzenes; nitrile | |
| grassystatin a | grassystatin A: isolated from a cyanobacterium, identified as Lyngbya cf.; structure in first source | ||
| anagliptin | anagliptin: anagliptin hydrochloride salt is the active compound | amino acid amide | |
| mk-3102 | pyrrolopyrazole |