thymosin and Malaria

Malaria is the most deadly parasitic infection in the world, resulting in damage to various organs, including the liver, of the infected organism; however, the mechanism causing this damage in the liver remains unclear. Liver fibrosis, a major characteristic of liver diseases, occurs in response to liver injury and is regulated by a complex network of signaling pathways. Hedgehog (Hh) signaling orchestrates a number of hepatic responses including hepatic fibrogenesis. Therefore, we investigated whether Hh signaling influenced the liver's response to malarial infection.. Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice inoculated with blood containing Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA)-infected erythrocytes were sacrificed when the level of parasitemia in the blood reached 10% or 30%, and the livers were collected for biochemical analysis. Liver responses to PbA infection were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining, real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry and western blot.. Severe hepatic injury, such as ballooned hepatocytes, sinusoidal dilatation, and infiltrated leukocytes, was evident in the livers of the malaria-infected mice. Hypoxia was also induced in 30% parasitemia group. With the accumulation of Kupffer cells, inflammation markers, TNF-α, interleukin-1β, and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1, were significantly upregulated in the infected group compared with the control group. Expression of fibrotic markers, including transforming growth factor-β, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen 1a1, thymosin β4, and vimentin, were significantly higher in the infected groups than in the control group. With increased collagen deposition, hepatic stellate cells expressing α-SMA accumulated in the liver of the PbA-infected mice, whereas those cells were rarely detected in the livers of the control mice. The levels of Hh signaling and Yes-associated protein (YAP), two key regulators for hepatic fibrogenesis, were significantly elevated in the infected groups compared with the control group. Treatment of mice with Hh inhibitor, GDC-0449, reduced hepatic inflammation and fibrogenesis with Hh suppression in PbA-infected mice.. Our results demonstrate that HSCs are activated in and Hh and YAP signaling are associated with this process, contributing to increased hepatic fibrosis in malaria-infected livers.

Topics: Actins; Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; Anilides; Animals; Cell Cycle Proteins; Chemokines, C; Collagen Type I; Collagen Type I, alpha 1 Chain; Hedgehog Proteins; Hepatic Stellate Cells; Liver; Liver Cirrhosis; Malaria; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Phosphoproteins; Plasmodium berghei; Pyridines; Signal Transduction; Thymosin; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Up-Regulation; Vimentin; YAP-Signaling Proteins