fumonisin-b1 and beauvericin

The identity of the fungi responsible for fruitlet core rot (FCR) disease in pineapple has been the subject of investigation for some time. This study describes the diversity and toxigenic potential of fungal species causing FCR in La Reunion, an island in the Indian Ocean. One-hundred-and-fifty fungal isolates were obtained from infected and healthy fruitlets on Reunion Island and exclusively correspond to two genera of fungi: Fusarium and Talaromyces. The genus Fusarium made up 79% of the isolates, including 108

Topics: Ananas; Depsipeptides; Fruit; Fumonisins; Fusarium; Hydroxybenzoates; Multienzyme Complexes; Phylogeny; Plant Diseases; Talaromyces

Fusarium temperatum is an emerging maize pathogen that causes maize ear and stalk rot diseases and produces various mycotoxins including moniliformin, beauvericin, enniatins and fumonisin B1, which poses a potential risk to the human food or animal feed supply chains. Early detection of F. temperatum is crucial to prevent its derived mycotoxins from entering the food chain, and is also a useful tool in disease management practices. Here, we describe a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for rapid diagnosis of F. temperatum. The 28S ribosomal DNA sequences (28S rDNA) of F. temperatum were used to design a set of six primers. The reaction conditions were optimized for developing a fast assay with high specificity and sensitivity, and were able to detect the presence of less than 10 pg of target DNA per reaction within 60 min. Furthermore, the resulting amplicons were visualized by adding SYBR Green I to the reaction tubes. Suspected F. temperatum infected maize stalk samples collected from Yunnan province, China were identified using the developed LAMP assay. In conclusion, the method not only provides a rapid and specific screening for the existence of F. temperatum in a bulk of maize samples without using sophisticated equipment, but also is potentially useful for other agriculturally important toxigenic fungi.

Topics: China; Cyclobutanes; Depsipeptides; Fumonisins; Fusarium; Mycotoxins; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; RNA, Ribosomal, 28S; Sensitivity and Specificity; Zea mays

Fusarium mycotoxins are natural contaminants of various commodities representing significant problem worldwide. Since the co-occurrence of beauvericin (BEA) and fumonisin B

Topics: Animals; Aromatase; Cattle; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme; Depsipeptides; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Estradiol; Female; Fumonisins; Fusarium; Gene Expression; Granulosa Cells; Progesterone; Reproduction; RNA, Messenger

The effect of water activity (aw = 0.95, 0.98 and 0.995), temperature (15, 25 and 30°C), incubation time (7, 14, 21 and 28 days), and their interactions on growth and moniliformin (MON), beauvericin (BEA), fusaproliferin (FUS) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) production by two strains of Fusarium temperatum isolated from Argentinean maize were determined in vitro on sterile layers of maize grains. The results showed that there was a wide range of conditions for growth and mycotoxins production by F. temperatum. Both strains were found to grow faster with increasing aw and at 30°C. In relation to mycotoxin production, the two strains produced more FUS than the other mycotoxins regardless of aw or temperature evaluated (maximum = 50,000 μg g(-1)). For FUS, MON and BEA, the maximum levels were observed at 0.98 aw and 30°C (50,000, 5000 and 2000 μg g(-1) respectively). The lowest levels for these three mycotoxins were detected at 15°C and 0.95 aw (1700 and 100 μg g(-1) for FUS and MON respectively), and at 0.98 aw (400 μg g(-1) for BEA). The maximum levels of FB1 were produced at 15°C and 0.98 aw (1000 μg g(-1)). At all aw and temperatures combinations evaluated there was an increase in toxin concentrations with time incubation. The maximum levels were detected at 21 days. Statistical analyses of aw, temperature, incubation time, and the two- and three-way interactions between them showed significant effects on mycotoxins production by F. temperatum. For its versatility on growth and mycotoxin production, F. temperatum represents a toxicological risk for maize in the field and also during grain storage.

Topics: Argentina; Cyclobutanes; Depsipeptides; Food Microbiology; Fumonisins; Fusarium; Temperature; Terpenes; Time Factors; Water; Zea mays

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) and beauvericin (BEA) are secondary metabolites of filamentous fungi, which under appropriate temperature and humidity conditions may develop on various foods and feeds. To date few studies have been performed to evaluate the toxicological and endocrine disrupting effects of FB1 and BEA. The present study makes use of various in vitro bioassays including; oestrogen, androgen, progestagen and glucocorticoid reporter gene assays (RGAs) for the study of nuclear receptor transcriptional activity, the thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to monitor cytotoxicity and high content analysis (HCA) for the detection of pre-lethal toxicity in the RGA and Caco-2 human colon adenocarcinoma cells. At the receptor level, 0.001-10μM BEA or FB1 did not induce any agonist responses in the RGAs. However at non-cytotoxic concentrations, an antagonistic effect was exhibited by FB1 on the androgen nuclear receptor transcriptional activity at 10μM and BEA on the progestagen and glucocorticoid receptors at 1μM. MTT analysis showed no decrease in cell viability at any concentration of FB1, whereas BEA showed a significant decrease in viability at 10μM. HCA analysis confirmed that the reduction in the progestagen receptor transcriptional activity at 1μM BEA was not due to pre-lethal toxicity. In addition, BEA (10μM) induced significant toxicity in both the TM-Luc (progestagen responsive) and Caco-2 cells.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Caco-2 Cells; Cell Nucleus; Cell Survival; Colonic Neoplasms; Depsipeptides; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Endocrine Disruptors; Fumonisins; Genes, Reporter; Humans; Receptors, Androgen; Receptors, Glucocorticoid; Receptors, Progesterone; Transcription, Genetic

Mycotoxins such as beauvericin (BEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), enniatin B (ENB), fumonisin B1 (FB1), T-2 toxin and zearalenone (ZEA) can co-occur in food commodities. This aim of this study was to assess the myelotoxicity of these mycotoxins in couple using in vitro human granulo-monocytic (Colony Forming Unit-Granulocyte and Macrophage, CFU-GM) hematopoietic progenitors. Clonogenic assays have been performed in the presence of the following couples of fusariotoxins: DON + BEA, DON + FB1, DON + T-2, DON + ZEA, T-2 + ZEA and BEA + ENB. Co-exposure of human CFU-GM to DON + BEA resulted in synergic myelotoxic effects. The combination of DON + T-2 presented additive or synergic myelotoxic effects. The couples DON + ZEA, T-2 + ZEA and BEA + ENB had additive myelotoxic effects, while the combination of DON + FB1 showed antagonist myelotoxic effects. These in vitro results suggested that the simultaneous presence of mycotoxins in food commodities and diet may be more myelotoxic than the presence of one mycotoxin alone. Diminution of hematopoietic progenitors could give rise to a decrease number of mature blood cells, inducing agranulocytosis and/or thrombocytopenia and in severe cases aplastic anemia.

Topics: Cells, Cultured; Depsipeptides; Fumonisins; Fusarium; Granulocyte-Macrophage Progenitor Cells; Humans; Mycotoxins; T-2 Toxin; Toxicity Tests; Trichothecenes; Zearalenone

Internal fruit rot, caused by Fusarium lactis, is an important disease of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) in Canadian greenhouses. Production of the mycotoxins fumonisin B₁ (FB₁), moniliformin (MON) and beauvericin (BEA) by F. lactis (17 isolates) and the related species F. proliferatum (three isolates) and F. verticillioides (one isolate), which are also associated with internal fruit rot, was evaluated on rice medium. All 21 isolates examined were found to produce BEA, at concentrations ranging from 13.28 to 1674.60 ppm, while 13 of 17 F. lactis isolates and two of three F. proliferatum isolates produced MON (0.23 to 181.85 ppm). Only one isolate of F. lactis produced detectable levels of FB₁ in culture, whereas all three F. proliferatum isolates and the F. verticilloides isolate produced this mycotoxin (0.28 to 314 ppm). Production of FB₁, MON and BEA was also evaluated in inoculated pepper fruits showing mild or severe symptoms of infection. FB₁ could be detected in both lightly and heavily diseased fruit tissue after inoculation with F. lactis, F. proliferatum or F. verticilloides, at concentrations ranging from 0.61 to 8.04 ppm. BEA was also detected in lightly and heavily diseased fruit tissue inoculated with F. lactis, as well as in heavily diseased tissue inoculated with F. proliferatum (3.00 to 19.43 ppm), but not in tissue inoculated with F. verticilloides. MON was detected in all tissues inoculated with F. proliferatum or F. verticilloides, and in heavily diseased tissue inoculated with F. lactis (0.03 to 0.27 ppm). The three mycotoxins were also found in naturally infected sweet pepper fruits exhibiting symptoms of internal fruit rot and collected from a commercial greenhouse. The production of MON, BEA and FB₁ alone or in combination by isolates of F. lactis suggests that development of internal fruit rot of sweet pepper is an important food safety concern, and that every effort should be made to cull infected fruit before it makes it to market.

Topics: Canada; Capsicum; Cyclobutanes; Depsipeptides; Food Contamination; Fruit; Fumonisins; Fusarium; Mycotoxins; Oryza; Plant Diseases

The principal aim of this study was to estimate the formation of fumonisins (FB(1) and FB(2)), moniliformin (MON), and ergosterol (ERG) by Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium proliferatum, while the formation of beauvericin (BEA) was estimated by the latter Fusarium species only. Moreover, the effect of temperature on the biosynthesis of mycotoxins was also evaluated. Fumonisins were formed by F. proliferatum, with the highest yield at 18 degrees C (720.0-1976.6 microg g(-1) for FB(1), 74.2-670.8 microg g(-1) for FB(2)) and only by three of four F. oxysporum strains at a very low level (0.02-4.77 microg g(-1) for FB(1), 0.02-2.15 microg g(-1) for FB(2)). The amount of MON formed by F. proliferatum was the highest (p < 0.001) at 32 degrees C (3056.87 microg g(-1)), while MON biosynthesis by F. oxysporum was lower 227.54 microg g(-1) (p < 0.001). BEA was produced by F. proliferatum with the highest level at 25 degrees C (p < 0.001). ERG-recognized as an indicator of fungal biomass development and as a consequence of mycotoxin formation-was found at the highest concentration at a biosynthesis temperature of 25 degrees C for F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum (p < 0.001).

Topics: Asparagus Plant; Cyclobutanes; Depsipeptides; Ergosterol; Food Contamination; Fumonisins; Fusarium; Mycological Typing Techniques; Plant Diseases; Plant Shoots; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Species Specificity; Temperature; Vegetables

The objective of this study was to determine individual and combined effects of fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)), beauvericin (BEA) and ochratoxin A (OTA) on porcine kidney epithelial PK15 cell survival by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, apoptotic index and caspase-3 activity. Cells were treated with 0.05, 0.5 and 5 microg/ml of each mycotoxin or with the combinations of two or all three mycotoxins for 24 and 48 h. Changes in LDH and caspase-3 activity, and in apoptotic index showed that the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of these mycotoxins were concentration- and time- dependent. Significant increase of LDH activity was observed after 48 h of exposure to the highest concentration of FB(1) (45%), BEA (84%) and OTA (77%), as compared to control. OTA increased caspase-3 activity after 24 h of treatment with 0.5 mug/mL (84%), while BEA (319%) and FB(1) (419%) significantly affected this enzyme activity after 48 h (P < 0.05). Increase of caspase-3 activity preceded significant morphological apoptotic changes, which were detected after 48 h of exposure to a single toxin. Combined treatment with FB(1), BEA and OTA resulted mostly in additive effects on LDH activity, and additive and synergistic effects on caspase-3 activity and apoptotic index.

Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Caspase 3; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Depsipeptides; Drug Synergism; Epithelial Cells; Fumonisins; Kidney; Ochratoxins; Swine

Individual and combined effects of the mycotoxins fumonisin B(1), beauvericin and ochratoxin A on cell viability, lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and intracellular glutathione (GSH) were studied on porcine kidney epithelial cells (PK15). Cells were treated with 0.05, 0.5 and 5 microg/ml of each mycotoxin or the combinations of two or all three applied in equal concentrations for 24 and 48 hr. Changes in cell viability, GSH and TBARS levels showed that the cytotoxic effects of these mycotoxins were concentration- and time-dependent. After 24 hr, cell viability was significantly decreased by the exposure to 5 microg/ml of fumonisin B(1) (25%), beauvericin (30%) and ochratoxin A (35%), as compared to controls. Only ochratoxin A (5 microg/ml) increased TBARS (56%), with further significant increase (85%) after 48 hr exposure. Fumonisin B(1) and beauvericin significantly increased TBARS (57% and 80%, respectively) only when the highest dose was applied for 48 hr. After 24 hr, GSH was significantly decreased (18%) by ochratoxin A (0.05 microg/ml), whereas fumonisin B(1) and beauvericin significantly decreased GSH at the concentration of 0.5 microg/ml. Combined treatment with fumonisin B(1), beauvericin and ochratoxin A resulted mostly in additive effects especially after a 24-hr exposure, although synergistic as well as antagonistic interactions could not be excluded depending on toxin concentrations and time of exposure. This is the first report on beauvericin-induced effects on lipid peroxidation and GSH in animal cells.

Topics: Animals; Carcinogens; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Depsipeptides; Drug Interactions; Enzyme Inhibitors; Epithelial Cells; Fumonisins; Glutathione; Kidney; Lipid Peroxidation; Ochratoxins; Swine

The occurrence of nine mycotoxins and of contamination by pre- and postharvest fungal pathogens of cereals was investigated in samples of stored Triticum monococcum L., Triticum dicoccon Schrank (emmer), and Triticum spelta L. (spelt). In Italy, all three species are collectively referred to as farro. The samples examined were harvested in summer 2000 from eight different sites in southern Italy. Conventional fluorimetric and diode array-based high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses and HPLC-mass spectrometry analyses were used to identify fumonisin B1 in five samples (up to 70.00 microg/ kg), ochratoxin A in seven samples (up to 4.07 microg/kg), and beauvericin in three samples (up to 4.44 mg/kg). Enniatin B was detected in one sample (30.00 microg/kg), but no zearalenone or fusaproliferin was found. Deoxynivalenol and aflatoxins were not evaluated. The potentially mycotoxigenic fungal species detected were Alternaria alternata, Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium tricinctum, Penicillium verrucosum, and Penicillium chrysogenum. This is the first report of the natural occurrence of mycotoxins in farro samples.

Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Depsipeptides; Food Contamination; Food Microbiology; Fumonisins; Fusarium; Italy; Mycotoxins; Ochratoxins; Triticum

Landraces of maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) and its wild teosinte relatives (Zea mays spp. parviglumis and mexicana) were surveyed for sensitivity to fumonisin B(1), a phytotoxin produced by the maize pathogen Gibberella moniliformis. Only two of 42 Z. mays samples were highly insensitive to FB(1) (ED(50) = ca. 200 microM). The teosintes and 76% of the maize landraces were moderately or highly sensitive to FB(1) (ED(50) < or = 30 microM), which indicates that FB(1) sensitivity is likely to be an ancestral trait in Z. mays. F(1) generations derived from crosses between FB(1)-sensitive maize inbred B73 and insensitive landraces were significantly less sensitive than B73. Thus, our data indicate that FB(1)-insensitivity is a relatively rare but heritable trait in maize. We also report the sensitivity of maize to other Gibberella toxins - beauvericin, diacetoxyscirpenol, and moniliformin.

Topics: Cyclobutanes; Depsipeptides; Fumonisins; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genetics, Population; Gibberella; Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings; Zea mays

Fifteen Fusarium species were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography for the production of six mycotoxins in corn grits cultures. Production of mycotoxins ranged from 66 to 2,500 micro g/kg for fumonisin B(1), 0.6 to 1,500 micro g/g for moniliformin, 2.2 to 720 micro g/g for beauvericin, and 12 to 130 micro g/g for fusaproliferin. Fumonisin B(2) (360 micro g/kg) was produced by two species, fumonisin B(3) was not detected in any of the 15 species examined, and Fusarium bulbicola produced none of the six mycotoxins that we analyzed.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cyclobutanes; Depsipeptides; Fumonisins; Fusarium; Mycotoxins; Peptides; Terpenes; Zea mays

Maize and maize products harvested in small fields and stored by farmers in northern Argentina were assayed for Fusarium and fumonisin and beauvericin contamination. Fumonisins were present in six of the 18 samples. The levels of fumonisins ranged from 603 to 1888 ng/kg. Fumonisin B3 (FB3) and beauvericin were not detected in the samples evaluated. Fusarium subglutinans was one of the most prevalent species isolated. Twenty-five strains of F. subglutinans isolated from maize kernels and belonging to Gibberella fujikuroi mating population E were beauvericin-producers in culture. Seven of these strains also produced moniliformin. This is the first report on beauvericin-production by maize isolates of F. subglutinans from Argentina.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Argentina; Carboxylic Acids; Carcinogens, Environmental; Depsipeptides; Food Contamination; Fumonisins; Fusarium; Humans; Mycotoxins; Peptides; Zea mays

Fungal strains belonging to the genera Fusarium, Paecilomyces and Trichoderma were tested in vitro in order to study their effects against Schizaphis graminum, one of the major pests of cereal crops around the world. Biological assays were performed using a solid formulation that was obtained from fungal cultures grown on rice and then finely ground (<0.2 mm). The occurrence of toxic secondary metabolites (fumonisin B1 and beauvericin) produced by these fungi was also investigated. In each experiment, three groups of aphids: 15-hour old larvae, 5-day old nymphs with wing buds and wingless morphs were treated with a suspension of a fungal formulation. Some strains belonging to the genera Fusarium and Trichoderma significantly controlled the specimens of the three groups of S. graminum. The F proliferatum strain ITEM 1407, producing a high level of fumonisin B1 in the culture (1250 microg/g), and F larvarum strain ITEM 2139 had high insecticidal activity (>60%) within 10 minutes after application. As F. larvarum ITEM 2139 did not produce metabolites toxic to mammals, it might be a good candidate as a biocontrol agent of S. graminum in the field.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Aphids; Biological Assay; Carboxylic Acids; Depsipeptides; Enzyme Inhibitors; Fumonisins; Fusarium; Paecilomyces; Peptides; Pest Control, Biological; Trichoderma

Twenty samples of unpolished (rough) rice collected in Arkansas and Texas during the 1995 harvesting season from fields exhibiting Fusarium sheath rot disease or panicle blight were previously shown to include 8 samples positive for fumonisin B1 (FB1) in the range 2.2-5.2 ppm, and moniliformin (MON), but no beauvericin (BEA), deoxynivalenol, its derivatives or zearalenone were detected. Fifteen cultures of F. proliferatum were established from the 20 rough rice samples. Single spore isolates of each culture were grown on rice and tested for the production of fumonisins (FB1, FB2, FB3, etc.), MON and BEA. All 15 isolates produced FB1, FB2, MON and BEA in culture on rice. No deoxynivalenol, its derivatives or zearalenone were detected. Seven cultures produced FB1 at > 50 ppm (range 80-230 ppm), with the rest producing FB1 in the range 14-43 ppm. FB2 was produced in the range 5-47 ppm, and those cultures which produced the most FB1 also produced the most FB2. Of the 15 cultures producing MON, 11 produced it at > 100 ppm in the range 188-6018 ppm, with the rest producing in the range 7-64 ppm. BEA was produced in the range 109-1350 ppm. Other derivatives of fumonisins, including FA1, FA2 and partially hydrolyzed FB1, as well as several unknown metabolites including a compound with MW 414, were identified in culture extracts by continuous flow fast atom bombardment with ion spray mass spectrometry (CF/FAB/MS). Further study is needed to identify the factors that control production of FB1, MON and BEA by F. proliferatum in culture and in field samples.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carboxylic Acids; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Cyclobutanes; Depsipeptides; Fumonisins; Fusarium; Mycotoxins; Oryza; Peptides; Plant Diseases; Spectrometry, Mass, Fast Atom Bombardment; Spores

Fusarium fungal contaminants and related mycotoxins were investigated in eight maize feed samples submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. Fusarium moniliforme, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans were isolated from seven, eight, and five samples, respectively. These strains belonged to mating populations A, D, and E of the teleomorph Gibberella fujikuroi. Fusaproliferin was detected at concentrations of 0.1 to 30 microg/g in four samples, and beauvericin was detected (0.1 to 3.0 microg/g) in five samples. Fumonisins were detected in all eight samples (1.1 to 14 microg/g). Ten of 11 strains of F. proliferatum and all 12 strains of F. subglutinans isolated from the samples produced fusaproliferin in culture on whole maize kernels (4 to 350 and 100 to 1,000 microg/g, respectively). Nine F. proliferatum strains also produced beauvericin in culture (85 to 350 microg/g), but none of the F. subglutinans strains produced beauvericin. Fumonisin B1 was produced by all nine F. moniliforme strains (50 to 2,000 microg/g) and by 10 of the F. proliferatum strains (1,000 to 2,000 microg/g). This is the first report of the natural occurrence of fusaproliferin outside Italy and of the natural occurrence of beauvericin in North America.

Topics: Animal Feed; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carboxylic Acids; Depsipeptides; Fumonisins; Fusarium; Gibberella; Iowa; Mycotoxins; Peptides; Terpenes; Zea mays

A new toxic sesterterpene, named fusaproliferin, was purified from corn kernel cultures (120 mg/kg dry culture) of a strain of Fusarium proliferatum isolated from corn ear rot in northern Italy. The stain, designated ITEM-1494, also produced fumonisin B1 (1.500 mg/kg dry culture) and beauvericin (90 mg/kg dry culture), but not moniliformin. To monitor toxicity, the brine shrimp assay was used throughout the isolation procedure. Fusaproliferin had a molecular formula of C27H40O5, and it is the first sesterterpene isolated from a Fusarium species.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Artemia; Carcinogens, Environmental; Culture Media; Cyclobutanes; Depsipeptides; Fumonisins; Fusarium; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Mass Spectrometry; Mycotoxins; Peptides; Terpenes; Zea mays