fumonisin-b1 and Salmonella-Infections--Animal

Three hundred 1-day-old Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were divided into two groups of 150 each. One group was maintained on quail mash alone, whereas Fusarium verticillioides culture material (FCM) was added to quail mash in the second group from 5 days of age and supplied 150 mg FB1/kg mash. At day 21, each group was further subdivided into two groups, yielding four groups with 75 birds apiece, which served as the control (group CX), the Salmonella Gallinarum alone group (group CS), the FB1 alone group (group FX), and the group fed FB1 and infected with Salmonella Gallinarum (group FS). An oral challenge with Salmonella Gallinarum organisms (2 x 10(4) colony-forming units [cfu]/ml) was given to groups CS and FS at 21 days of age. Three quail each, were necropsied on day 21 (0 day interval) from groups CX and FX, whereas at subsequent intervals, i.e., 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days postinfection (DPI), they were sacrificed from all four groups (CX, CS, FX, and FS) to study the agglutinin response to Salmonella Gallinarum and pathologic changes. The agglutinin titers to Salmonella Gallinarum in the combination group (FS) were generally lower when compared with those in group CS. A reduction in the size of spleen along with depletion of white pulp, thinning of cardiomyocytes, lymphoid cell depletion from bursal follicles, and renal tubular nephrosis were characteristic pathologic changes in group FX. In contrast, there was mild to severe enlargement of spleen accompanied by necrosis and reticuloendothelial cell hyperplasia, pericarditis, myocarditis, and focal interstitial nephritis in groups CS. Similar but more severe lesions were observed in the combination group (FS). In addition, the flabby texture of heart, hydropericardium, and ascites were mainly observed in group FS. It is concluded that continuous presence of fumonisins at 150 mg/kg diet increases the severity of Salmonella Gallinarum infection in young Japanese quail.

Topics: Agglutinins; Animal Feed; Animals; Bursa of Fabricius; Coturnix; Fumonisins; Fusarium; Intestines; Kidney; Lung; Mycotoxicosis; Myocardium; Poultry Diseases; Proventriculus; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Spleen; Time Factors

To study the individual and combined effects of fumonisin B1 (FB1) toxicity and Salmonella serotype Gallinarum infection, Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were fed Fusarium moniliforme culture material (2.5%), 150 mg FB1/kg ration, and were subsequently challenged orally with Salmonella Gallinarum organisms (2 x 10(4) colony-forming units) at 21 days of age. The chicks were fed culture material containing FB1 from day 5 till the end of the experiment. After being infected with Salmonella Gallinarum, observations were made 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days postinfection. The clinical signs of diarrhea with bloody discharges were more pronounced in the Salmonella-infected birds on the FB1 diet. Mortality caused by Salmonella Gallinarum increased by 12% in the presence of FB1. Mean body weights in both the Salmonella-infected and FB1-fed groups were significantly lower than those of the controls at almost all intervals. Mean values of hemoglobin, packed cell volume, and total erythrocyte count were slightly higher in birds fed FB1 but were lower in the Salmonella Gallinarum groups fed FB1 and plain chick mash. Anemia was evident, between 5 and 10 days postinfection, in quail chicks infected with Salmonella Gallinarum alone. Total leukocyte counts were higher in Salmonella-infected and FB1-fed groups because of an increase in the number of heterophils and lymphocytes. However, the increase in lymphocyte response to infection was lower by 4.27%-30.09% between 3 and 21 days postinfection in the FB1-fed chicks compared with chicks infected with Salmonella Gallinarum. Alanine transaminase and total serum protein were slightly higher in both the infected and FB1-fed groups. This study revealed that the continuous presence of fumonisins in the diets of quail chicks might increase the susceptibility to or the severity of Salmonella Gallinarum infection.

Topics: Animals; Blood Chemical Analysis; Coturnix; Culture Media; Diarrhea; Fumonisins; Fusarium; Hematologic Tests; Immunity, Cellular; India; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Time Factors

Three hundred day-old Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were divided into two groups with 150 quail in each group. One group was maintained on quail mash alone, while Fusarium moniliforme culture material was added to quail mash in the second group from day 5 of age and was supplied at a rate of 150 ppm fumonisin B1 (FB1)/kg mash. At day 21, each group was further subdivided into two groups, yielding four groups with 75 birds apiece, which served as the control (group CX), the Salmonella Gallinarum alone group (group CS), the FB1 alone group (group FX), and the group fed FB1 and infected with Salmonella Gallinarum (group FS). An oral challenge with Salmonella Gallinarum organisms (2 x 10(4) colony-forming units/ml) was given to groups CS and FS at 21 days of age. Three quail each were necropsied on day 21 (0 day interval) from groups CX and FX only. At subsequent intervals (i.e., 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days postinfection [DPI]), three quail were euthanatized from all four groups (CX, CS, FX, and FS). The gross and microscopic lesions were recorded in both mortality and euthanatized birds at the above intervals. The ultrastructural studies were done at 5 DPI. Mild to moderate hepatomegaly and pale discoloration of liver were observed in group FX, while congestion, hemorrhages, necrosis, and mild to severe hepatomegaly were the predominant gross lesions in both infected groups (CS and FS). The gross lesions in quail inoculated with Salmonella Gallinarum alone (group CS) generally developed slowly, appeared more widely scattered, and involved comparatively less surface area in contrast to the rapidly progressive and frequently confluent lesions in the combination group (FS), especially in the first 5 days of infection. Mild to marked hepatocellular swelling, multifocal hepatic necrosis, and hepatocellular and bile duct hyperplasia were the characteristic microscopic changes in the FX group. Microscopic lesions in quail of group CS comprised congestion, vacuolar changes, and focal necrosis in early stages, followed by granulomatous lesions at later intervals. Similar but more severe lesions were observed in the combination group (FS). Based on transmission electron microscopy, the maximum effect of FB1 toxicity was observed on mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. In general, the mitochondriae showed diverse form and structure, some of which appeared to lose their intact outer membrane, and the mitochondrial cristae were disoriented. The de

Topics: Animals; Coturnix; Fumonisins; Fusarium; Liver; Microscopy, Electron; Mycoses; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal