Target type: biologicalprocess
The progression of the atrioventricular canal over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The atrioventricular canal is the part of the heart connecting the atrium to the cardiac ventricle. [GOC:BHF, GOC:gr, PMID:14701881, UBERON:0002087, ZFA:0001315]
The atrioventricular (AV) canal is a critical structure during early heart development that gives rise to the atrioventricular valves (mitral and tricuspid) and the surrounding fibrous tissues. Its formation involves a complex interplay of genetic and cellular mechanisms, leading to the proper separation of the atria and ventricles. Here's a detailed breakdown of the process:
1. **Early Heart Tube Formation:** The heart begins as a simple tube, with the AV canal located at the junction between the primitive atria and ventricles.
2. **Endocardial Cushion Formation:** Specialized mesenchyme cells from the endocardial lining of the heart tube migrate into the AV canal, forming two endocardial cushions, one on each side of the canal. These cushions are essential for guiding the flow of blood and forming the valves.
3. **Fusion of Endocardial Cushions:** The endocardial cushions grow and fuse, eventually dividing the AV canal into the right and left atrioventricular openings.
4. **Valvular Formation:** The endocardial cushions differentiate into valve leaflets, the thin, flap-like structures that control blood flow through the valves.
5. **Fibrous Tissue Development:** The tissue surrounding the valves matures into fibrous tissue, providing structural support and ensuring the valves function properly.
6. **Ventricular Septal Development:** Concurrently with AV canal development, the ventricular septum is forming. This process is essential for separating the left and right ventricles and ensuring proper blood circulation.
7. **Growth and Remodeling:** Throughout the development process, the AV canal undergoes significant growth and remodeling, adapting to the increasing size and function of the heart.
Factors crucial for successful AV canal development include:
* **Signaling Pathways:** Multiple signaling pathways, including BMP, TGF-beta, Wnt, and FGF, are involved in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration during AV canal formation.
* **Transcription Factors:** Specific transcription factors, such as NKX2-5, GATA4, and TBX5, play vital roles in orchestrating gene expression and cellular fate determination.
* **Extracellular Matrix:** The composition and organization of the extracellular matrix surrounding the AV canal are critical for cell adhesion, migration, and differentiation.
Disruptions in any of these steps can lead to various congenital heart defects affecting the AV valves, including:
* **Atrioventricular Septal Defect (AVSD):** A hole in the septum separating the atria and ventricles.
* **Endocardial Cushion Defect (ECD):** Abnormal development of the endocardial cushions, resulting in valve abnormalities.
* **Double Outlet Right Ventricle (DORV):** A condition where both great arteries (aorta and pulmonary artery) arise from the right ventricle.
Understanding the intricate developmental process of the AV canal is crucial for diagnosing, treating, and potentially preventing congenital heart defects. Ongoing research is focused on identifying new therapeutic targets and developing novel approaches for managing these conditions.'
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Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
---|---|---|
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11 | A tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q06124] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
---|---|---|---|
glycyrrhetinic acid | cyclic terpene ketone; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid | immunomodulator; plant metabolite | |
oxanilic acid | oxanilic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | ||
oleanolic acid | hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid | plant metabolite | |
phosphotyrosine | O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group. Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis. | L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine | Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen |
vanadates | vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms. Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects. | trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion | EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor |
4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate | |||
maslinic acid | (2Alpha,3beta)-2,3-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid: from Luehea divaricata and Agrimonia eupatoria | dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid | anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite |
nsc-87877 | NSC-87877: potent Shp2 (nonreceptor protein tyrosine phosphatase) inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
tingenone | tingenone: quinonoid triterpene isolated from Euonymus tingens | ||
geniposide | terpene glycoside | ||
tanshinone | tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent | abietane diterpenoid | anticoronaviral agent |
celastrol | monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid | anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; metabolite | |
cryptotanshinone | cryptotanshinone: from Salvia miltiorrhiza | abietane diterpenoid | anticoronaviral agent |
tanshinone ii a | tashinone IIA: a cardiovascular agent with antineoplastic activity; isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza; structure in first source | abietane diterpenoid | |
nsc-89199 | estramustine phosphate : A steroid phosphate which is the 17-O-phospho derivative of estramustine. | carbamate ester; organochlorine compound; steroid phosphate | |
estramustine | estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid. Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties. | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; carbamate ester; organochlorine compound | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; radiation protective agent |
genipin | iridoid monoterpenoid | anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; hepatotoxic agent; uncoupling protein inhibitor | |
cefsulodin | cefsulodin : A pyridinium-substituted semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum, cephalosporin antibiotic. Cefsulodin: A pyridinium-substituted semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial used especially for Pseudomonas infections in debilitated patients. | cephalosporin; organosulfonic acid; primary carboxamide | antibacterial drug |
nsc 117199 | |||
illudalic acid | illudalic acid: isolated from Clitocybe illudens; structure in first source | ||
2-amino-6-chloropurine | 6-chloroguanine : An organochlorine compound that is 7H-purin-2-amine substituted by a chloro group at position 6. 6-chloroguanine: an antimalarial that inhibits hypoxanthine-guanine-xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase; structure in first source | 2-aminopurines; organochlorine compound | |
4-(3-(1-adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-chlorocinnamic acid | |||
Dihydrotanshinone I | dihydrotanshinone I: extracted from Radix Salviae | abietane diterpenoid | anticoronaviral agent |
3-(1-(3-(biphenyl-4-ylamino)-3-oxopropyl)-1h-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-6-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-phenyl-1h-indole-5-carboxylic acid | 3-(1-(3-(biphenyl-4-ylamino)-3-oxopropyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-6-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-phenyl-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid: an SHP2 inhibitor; structure in first source |