Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluronan biosynthetic process. [GOC:TermGenie, GOC:yaf]
Positive regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process encompasses the molecular mechanisms that enhance the production of hyaluronan, a crucial glycosaminoglycan found in the extracellular matrix. This intricate process involves a cascade of events orchestrated by various proteins and signaling pathways.
At the core of hyaluronan biosynthesis lies the enzyme hyaluronan synthase (HAS), responsible for catalyzing the polymerization of glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine monomers to form the long, unbranched hyaluronan chains. The expression and activity of HAS are tightly regulated, ensuring a precise control over hyaluronan production.
Positive regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis can be initiated by various stimuli, including growth factors, cytokines, and mechanical stress. These signals activate intracellular signaling pathways, often involving the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, leading to the activation of transcription factors like NF-κB, AP-1, and STATs.
Activated transcription factors bind to specific regulatory elements in the promoter regions of HAS genes, enhancing their transcription and leading to increased HAS protein levels. Additionally, post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, can further regulate HAS activity and stability.
Beyond HAS regulation, positive regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis involves factors that influence the availability of substrates for HAS activity, such as glucose and UDP-glucuronic acid. Moreover, certain extracellular matrix proteins, such as fibronectin and laminin, can interact with HAS, enhancing its enzymatic activity and promoting hyaluronan production.
The precise mechanisms of positive regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis can vary depending on the cell type, tissue context, and specific stimulus. However, the overall goal of this process is to ensure an adequate supply of hyaluronan, which plays crucial roles in cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and tissue morphogenesis.
Hyaluronan acts as a structural component of the extracellular matrix, providing hydration, lubrication, and mechanical support to tissues. It also interacts with cell surface receptors, such as CD44, initiating signaling pathways that regulate cell behavior. Furthermore, hyaluronan can bind to growth factors, creating reservoirs that control their bioavailability and signaling activity.
In summary, positive regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis is a complex and multifaceted process that involves a coordinated interplay of signaling pathways, transcription factors, and post-translational modifications. This process is essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis and integrity, and its dysregulation can contribute to various pathological conditions.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit | A nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| beta-lapachone | beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities. beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase | benzochromenone; orthoquinones | anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite |
| phloretin | dihydrochalcones | antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite | |
| aurin | aurin: structure | diarylmethane | |
| sanguinarine | benzophenanthridine alkaloid : A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family. | alkaloid antibiotic; benzophenanthridine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent | |
| ficusin | Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia. | psoralens | plant metabolite |
| gibberellic acid | gibberellic acid: RN given refers to (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-isomer; structure gibberellin A3 : A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4. | C19-gibberellin; gibberellin monocarboxylic acid; lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound | mouse metabolite; plant metabolite |
| evans blue | Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence. Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly. | organic sodium salt | fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent |
| angelicin | angelicin: used as tranquillizer; sedative; or anticonvulsant; structure | furanocoumarin | |
| helenalin | helenalin : A sesquiterpene lactone that is 3,3a,4,4a,7a,8,9,9a-octahydroazuleno[6,5-b]furan-2,5-dione substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 4a and 8 and a methylidene group at position 3 (the 3aS,4S,4aR,7aR,8R,9aR stereoisomer). helenalin: toxic principle of Helenium microcephalum (smallhead sneezeweed); structure NF-kappaB inhibitor : An inhibitor of NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells), a protein complex involved in the transcription of DNA. | cyclic ketone; gamma-lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol; sesquiterpene lactone | anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite; plant metabolite |
| pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate | pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd | dithiocarbamic acids; pyrrolidines | anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; radical scavenger |
| dehydroleucodine | dehydroleucodine: has antimicrobial activity; RN given refers to (3aS-(3aalpha,9aalpha,9bbeta))-isomer | ||
| altersolanol a | altersolanol A: isolated from fermentation product of fungus Alternaria porri(Ellis) Ciferri;RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,2beta,3beta,4alpha))-isomer; structure given in first source | pentahydroxyanthraquinone | |
| Mexicanin I | sesquiterpene lactone | ||
| tetrahydrocurcumin | tetrahydrocurcumin : A beta-diketone that is curcumin in which both of the double bonds have been reduced to single bonds. | beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; polyphenol | metabolite |
| withanolide d | withanolide D : A withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 22 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Tubocapsicum anomalum and Withania somnifera, it exhibits cytotoxic activity. withanolide D: structure | 20-hydroxy steroid; 4-hydroxy steroid; delta-lactone; enone; epoxy steroid; ergostanoid; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol; withanolide | antineoplastic agent |
| arnicolide d | arnicolide D: cytotoxic; from Centipeda minima L.; structure in first source | sesquiterpene lactone | |
| santamarine | santamarin : A sesquiterpene lactone of the eudesmanolide group. santamarine: sesquiterpene derivative of costunolide | sesquiterpene lactone | |
| withaferin a | withaferin A : A withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 27 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Physalis longifolia, it exhibits cytotoxic activity. withaferin A: an antiestrogen and phytogenic antineoplastic agent isolated from leaves of Withania somnifera Dun.; structure | 27-hydroxy steroid; 4-hydroxy steroid; delta-lactone; enone; epoxy steroid; ergostanoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol; withanolide | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer |
| rocaglamide | rocaglamide : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8b, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 8, a 4-methoxyphenyl group at position 3a, a phenyl group at position 3 and a N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl group at position 1. Isolated from Aglaia odorata and Aglaia duperreana, it exhibits antineoplastic activity. rocaglamide: RN refers to (1alpha,2alpha,3beta,3abeta,8bbeta)-isomer; isolated from stems of Aglaia elliptifolia; structure given in first source | monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene; organic heterotricyclic compound | antileishmanial agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite |
| bortezomib | amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines | antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor | |
| 8-deoxygartanin | 8-deoxygartanin: a butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor; isolated from Garcinia mangostana; structure in first source | xanthones | |
| tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone | N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone. Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process. | alpha-chloroketone; sulfonamide | alkylating agent; serine proteinase inhibitor |
| 11alpha,13-dihydrohelenalin | sesquiterpene lactone | ||
| resveratrol | trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration. | resveratrol | antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger |
| 2-hydroxycinnamic acid | 2-coumaric acid : A monohydroxycinnamic acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-2 of the phenyl ring. trans-2-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 2-coumaric acid. | 2-coumaric acid; phenols | antioxidant; metabolite |
| isoliquiritigenin | chalcones | antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; GABA modulator; geroprotector; metabolite; NMDA receptor antagonist | |
| xanthohumol | xanthohumol : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2' and 4', a methoxy group at position 6' and a prenyl group at position 3'. Isolated from Humulus lupulus, it induces apoptosis in human malignant glioblastoma cells. xanthohumol: from hop plant, Humulus lupulus | aromatic ether; chalcones; polyphenol | anti-HIV-1 agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.3.1.20 (diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase) inhibitor; metabolite |
| parthenolide, (1ar-(1ar*,4e,7as*,10as*,10br*))-isomer | germacranolide | ||
| 3-(3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-5-phenyl-7-furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyranone | diarylheptanoid | ||
| hymecromone | Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID. | hydroxycoumarin | antineoplastic agent; hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor |
| lipoxin a4 | lipoxin A4 : A C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (6R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (7E)- (9E)-, (11Z)- and (13E)-double bonds. lipoxin A4: an antifibrolytic agent; structure given in first source; a role in ASPIRIN antiinflammatory activity | hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; lipoxin; long-chain fatty acid | human metabolite; metabolite |
| butein | chalcones; polyphenol | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; radiosensitizing agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor | |
| molephantinin | molephantinin: germacranolide from Elephantopus mollis; RN given refers to (3aR-(3aR*,4S*(E),6E,9Z,11S*,11aS*))-isomer; structure in first source | germacranolide | |
| gartanin | gartanin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthen-9-one substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, 5 and 8 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 4. | polyphenol; xanthones | antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite |
| mangostin | alpha-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3 and 6, a methoxy group at position 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour activities. mangostin: xanthone from rind of Garcinia mangostana Linn. fruit | aromatic ether; phenols; xanthones | antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite |
| 4-hydroxychalcone | 4-hydroxychalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. 4-hydroxychalcone: structure in first source | chalcones; phenols | antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite |
| andrographolide | carbobicyclic compound; gamma-lactone; labdane diterpenoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol | anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; metabolite | |
| bay 11-7082 | (E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells. | nitrile; sulfone | apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor |
| furanoheliangolide | furanoheliangolide: structure in first source | ||
| beta-Mangostin | xanthones | ||
| 9-Hydroxycalabaxanthone | xanthones | ||
| flavokawain C | flavokawain C: antineoplastic from roots of Kava (Piper methysticum Forst); structure in first source | chalcones | |
| rehmannic acid | rehmannic acid: toxic principle, triterpene acid from Lantana camara; RN given refers to (22beta-(Z))-isomer; structure | ||
| 3-o-methylbutein | 3-O-methylbutein: RN given refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source | chalcones | |
| goniothalamin | goniothalamin: has antineoplastic activity; structure given in first source | ||
| hylin | |||
| spc-839 | SPC-839: an inhibitor of activator protein 1; structure in first source | ||
| sp 100030 | N-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxamide: transcription factor inhibitor specific to T-cells | ||
| cumambrin b | cumambrin B: RN given for (3aR-(3aalpha,4alpha,6alpha,6aalpha,9aalpha,9bbeta))-isomer; isolated from Chrysanthemum boreale; structure in first source | ||
| Cycloartobiloxanthone | cycloartobiloxanthone: a flavonoid isolated from stem bark of Artocarpus gomezianus; has antineoplastic properties | pyranoxanthones | |
| 6-hydroxy-7-methoxychroman-2-carboxylic acid phenylamide | 6-hydroxy-7-methoxychroman-2-carboxylic acid phenylamide: structure in first souce | ||
| lantadene b | lantadene B: RN given refers to the (22beta)-isomer; from Lantana camara | ||
| achalensolide | achalensolide: structure in first source | ||
| 2,3-dihydro-3beta-O-sulfate withaferin A | 2,3-dihydro-3beta-O-sulfate withaferin A : A withanolide that is 2,3-dihydrowithaferin A substituted by a sulfoxy group at position 3. Isolated from Physalis longifolia, it exhibits antineoplastic activity. | 27-hydroxy steroid; 4-hydroxy steroid; delta-lactone; epoxy steroid; ergostanoid; primary alcohol; steroid sulfate; withanolide | antineoplastic agent; metabolite; plant metabolite |
| chrome azurol s | chrome azurol S: reagent for beryllium determination spectrophotometrically | ||
| hydrazinocurcumin | hydrazinocurcumin : A pyrazole obtained by cyclocodensation of the two carbonyl groups of curcumin with hydrazine. hydrazinocurcumin: structure in first source | aromatic ether; olefinic compound; polyphenol; pyrazoles | angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor |