saxitoxin and yessotoxin

saxitoxin has been researched along with yessotoxin* in 5 studies

Reviews

1 review(s) available for saxitoxin and yessotoxin

ArticleYear
Toxin levels and profiles in microalgae from the north-Western Adriatic Sea--15 years of studies on cultured species.
    Marine drugs, 2012, Volume: 10, Issue:1

    The Northern Adriatic Sea is the area of the Mediterranean Sea where eutrophication and episodes related to harmful algae have occurred most frequently since the 1970s. In this area, which is highly exploited for mollusk farming, the first occurrence of human intoxication due to shellfish consumption occurred in 1989, nearly 10 years later than other countries in Europe and worldwide that had faced similar problems. Until 1997, Adriatic mollusks had been found to be contaminated mostly by diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins (i.e., okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins) that, along with paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (i.e., saxitoxins), constitute the most common marine biotoxins. Only once, in 1994, a toxic outbreak was related to the occurrence of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in the Adriatic coastal waters. Moreover, in the past 15 years, the Adriatic Sea has been characterized by the presence of toxic or potentially toxic algae, not highly widespread outside Europe, such as species producing yessotoxins (i.e., Protoceratium reticulatum, Gonyaulax spinifera and Lingulodinium polyedrum), recurrent blooms of the potentially ichthyotoxic species Fibrocapsa japonica and, recently, by blooms of palytoxin-like producing species of the Ostreopsis genus. This review is aimed at integrating monitoring data on toxin spectra and levels in mussels farmed along the coast of the Emilia-Romagna region with laboratory studies performed on the species involved in the production of those toxins; toxicity studies on toxic or potentially toxic species that have recently appeared in this area are also reviewed. Overall, reviewed data are related to: (i) the yessotoxins producing species P. reticulatum, G. spinifera and L. polyedrum, highlighting genetic and toxic characteristics; (ii) Adriatic strains of Alexandrium minutum, Alexandrium ostenfeldii and Prorocentrum lima whose toxic profiles are compared with those of strains of different geographic origins; (iii) F. japonica and Ostreopsis cf. ovata toxicity. Moreover, new data concerning domoic acid production by a Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata strain, toxicity investigations on a Prorocentrum cf. levis, and on presumably ichthyotoxic species, Heterosigma akashiwo and Chattonella cf. subsalsa, are also reported.

    Topics: Aerosols; Animals; Aquaculture; Bivalvia; Ecosystem; Humans; Marine Toxins; Mediterranean Sea; Microalgae; Mollusk Venoms; Okadaic Acid; Oxocins; Saxitoxin; Shellfish; Time Factors

2012

Other Studies

4 other study(ies) available for saxitoxin and yessotoxin

ArticleYear
Monthly distribution of lipophilic marine biotoxins and associated microalgae in the South Sea Coast of Korea throughout 2021.
    The Science of the total environment, 2023, Nov-10, Volume: 898

    Aquaculture farms have been established along the South Sea Coast of Korea, supplying most of the seafood consumed domestically. However, annual harmful algal blooms pose a potential threat to seafood safety. This study aimed to determine the spatial and seasonal distributions of 12 lipophilic marine biotoxins (LMTs) in phytoplankton and mussels in the region in 2021. Solid-phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) was used to monitor the cumulative compositions of LMTs in seawater. LMT concentrations were also determined in twelve commercially available species of domestic shellfish to evaluate the potential risks to human health. Gonyaulux spinifera and Dinophysis acuminata, causative microalgae of yessotoxins (YTXs) and pectenotoxins (PTXs), respectively, showed high densities in the region from May to July. This period corresponded to high LMT concentrations in phytoplankton and mussels. Phytoplankton mainly contained PTX-2 and homo-YTX, with a maximum concentration of 2300 ng g

    Topics: Animals; Bivalvia; Dinoflagellida; Humans; Marine Toxins; Microalgae; Phytoplankton; Republic of Korea; Saxitoxin; Shellfish

2023
Marine toxins and the cytoskeleton.
    The FEBS journal, 2008, Volume: 275, Issue:24

    Topics: Acrylamides; Animals; Cnidarian Venoms; Cytoskeleton; Diarrhea; Humans; Marine Toxins; Mollusk Venoms; Okadaic Acid; Oxocins; Saxitoxin; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase

2008
Development of a F actin-based live-cell fluorimetric microplate assay for diarrhetic shellfish toxins.
    Analytical biochemistry, 2003, Jun-15, Volume: 317, Issue:2

    A new cytotoxicity assay for detection and quantitation of diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSP) is presented. This assay is based upon fluorimetric determination of F-actin depolymerization induced by okadaic acid (OA)-class compounds in the BE(2)-M17 neuroblastoma cell line. No interferences were observed with other marine toxins such as saxitoxin, domoic acid, or yessotoxin, thus indicating a good specificity of the assay as expected by the direct relationship between protein phosphatase inhibition and cytoskeletal changes. The proposed method is rapid (<2h) and shows a linear response in the range of 50-300 nM OA. The detection limit of the assay for crude methanolic extracts of bivalves lies between 0.2 and 1.0 microg OA per gram of digestive glands, depending on the type of samples (fresh or canned), thus being similar to that of the mouse bioassay. The performance of this assay has been evaluated by comparative analysis of 32 toxic mussel samples by the F-actin assay, mouse bioassay, HPLC and PP2A inhibition assay. Results obtained by the F-actin method showed no differences with HPLC and significant correlation with PP2A inhibition assay (r(2)=0.71). No false negative results were obtained with this new cell assay, which also showed optimum reproducibility.

    Topics: Actins; Animals; Biological Assay; Bivalvia; Cell Line, Tumor; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Inhibitors; Ethers, Cyclic; Fluorometry; Humans; Kainic Acid; Marine Toxins; Methanol; Mice; Mollusk Venoms; Okadaic Acid; Oxocins; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; Reproducibility of Results; Saxitoxin; Sensitivity and Specificity; Shellfish

2003
High levels of yessotoxin in mussels and presence of yessotoxin and homoyessotoxin in dinoflagellates of the Adriatic Sea.
    Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology, 1999, Volume: 37, Issue:8

    Identification of YTX and homoYTX in natural phytoplankton populations containing significant amounts of Gonyaulax polyedra and determination of detailed toxin profiles of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) periodically collected from two sites of the Northern Adriatic coast from February to October 1997 was performed by LC-FLD following derivatization with ADAM or DMEQ-TAD and LC-MS and LC-MS-MS. OA and YTX concentrations were recorded in the range 0.11-2.31 and 0.18-9.02 microg per g of hepatopancreas, respectively. HomoYTX was also detected both in phytoplankton and mussel samples.

    Topics: Animals; Bivalvia; Digestive System; Dinoflagellida; Ethers, Cyclic; Fluorometry; Italy; Mice; Mollusk Venoms; Oxocins; Phytoplankton; Saxitoxin; Survival Rate

1999
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