Page last updated: 2024-10-24

positive regulation of microglial cell migration

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microglial cell migration. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:BHF, GOC:nc, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:19100238]

Microglial cell migration, a crucial aspect of brain homeostasis and immune response, is meticulously regulated by intricate signaling pathways. Positive regulation of microglial cell migration involves a complex interplay of molecular cues, including chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors, which stimulate migration towards sites of injury, infection, or inflammation.

**Chemokines:** These small signaling molecules, such as CCL2 (MCP-1) and CX3CL1 (fractalkine), are released by damaged neurons or activated astrocytes, attracting microglia via their specific receptors on the microglial surface. This chemotaxis drives microglia towards the source of these signals, initiating the immune response.

**Cytokines:** Pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β, produced by activated microglia or other immune cells, can also positively regulate microglial migration. These cytokines trigger the activation of signaling pathways, such as NF-κB, leading to upregulation of chemokine receptors and enhancing microglial chemotaxis.

**Growth Factors:** Growth factors, including BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) and IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1), can promote microglial migration by activating their respective receptors on the microglial surface. These signaling pathways stimulate intracellular cascades that enhance cytoskeletal rearrangements and promote cell motility.

**Extracellular Matrix:** The ECM surrounding neurons and other brain cells provides a scaffold for microglial migration. Integrins, a family of transmembrane receptors on microglia, bind to specific ECM components, such as laminin and fibronectin, facilitating adhesion and migration.

**Cell-Cell Interactions:** Microglial migration can be influenced by interactions with other cell types, including neurons, astrocytes, and other immune cells. For instance, neuronal apoptosis can release signals that attract microglia, while astrocytes can secrete factors that both promote and inhibit microglial migration, depending on the context.

**Other Factors:** Other factors influencing microglial migration include the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the local concentration of calcium ions, and the expression of specific adhesion molecules. These factors contribute to the overall complexity of microglial migration regulation.

In summary, positive regulation of microglial cell migration is a tightly controlled process involving a complex network of signals, receptors, and intracellular pathways. This intricate regulatory mechanism ensures that microglia are effectively recruited to sites of injury and infection, facilitating their critical roles in brain homeostasis and immune surveillance.'
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Proteins (2)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
P2Y purinoceptor 12A P2Y purinoceptor 12 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:Q9H244]Homo sapiens (human)
P2X purinoceptor 4A P2X purinoceptor 4 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q99571]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (47)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
carbamazepinecarbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.

Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.
dibenzoazepine;
ureas
analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbamazepine epoxidecarbamazepine epoxide: metabolite of carbamazepine; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd

carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide : An epoxide and metabolite of carbamazepine.
dibenzoazepine;
epoxide;
ureas
allergen;
drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
emodinemodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.

Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.
trihydroxyanthraquinoneantineoplastic agent;
laxative;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
mitoxantronemitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.

Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.
dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid5'-phosphopyridoxal-6-azobenzene-2,4-disulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate carrying an additional 2,4-disulfophenylazo substituent at position 6.

pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid: a novel antagonist that selectively blocks P2 purinoceptor receptors; a useful tool to study co-transmission in tissues when ATP and coexisting neurotransmitters act in concert
arenesulfonic acid;
azobenzenes;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
organic phosphate;
pyridinecarbaldehyde
purinergic receptor P2X antagonist
benzotriazolebenzotriazole : The simplest member of the class of benzotriazoles that consists of a benzene nucleus fused to a 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring.

benzotriazole: inhibitor of atmospheric metal corrosion; also component of motion picture film & Neva brake fluid
benzotriazolesenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
aloe emodinAloe emodin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.

aloe emodin: structure distinct from emodin; this does not mean emodin from aloe
aromatic primary alcohol;
dihydroxyanthraquinone
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
chrysophanic acidchrysophanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #2260

chrysophanol : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin with a methyl substituent at C-3. It has been isolated from Aloe vera and exhibits antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity.
dihydroxyanthraquinoneanti-inflammatory agent;
antiviral agent;
plant metabolite
physcionephyscion : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone bearing hydroxy substituents at positions 1 and 8, a methoxy group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 6. It has been widely isolated and characterised from both terrestrial and marine sources.

physcione: structure
dihydroxyanthraquinoneanti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite
10,11-dihydrocarbamazepine
diadenosine tetraphosphateP(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate : A diadenosyl tetraphosphate compound having the two 5'-adenosyl residues attached at the P(1)- and P(4)-positions.diadenosyl tetraphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxcarbazepineoxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.

Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.
cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine
anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
paroxetineparoxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.

Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.
aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clopidogrelclopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.

Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine
anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
spiroglumidespiroglumide: a CCK receptor antagonist; antigastrin; structure given in first source
9-chloroacridine9-chloroacridine: chromogenic reagent for detection of arylhydroxylamines & arylamines on paper & thin layer chromatograms; structure
10-hydroxycarbamazepine10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxycarbamazepine: main metabolite of oxcarbazepine; structure given in first source

licarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine, reduced across the C-10,11 positions and carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen and a hydroxy function at C-10. A voltage-gated sodium channel blocker with anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing effects, it is related to oxcarbazepine and is an active metabolite of oxcarbazepine.
carboxamide;
dibenzoazepine;
ureas
anticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker
methylthio-adp
emodin anthroneemodin anthrone : A member of the class of anthracenones that is anthracen-9(10H)-one which carries a methyl group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3 and 8, respectively. It is an intermediate precursor in the synthesis of hypericin.

emodin anthrone: inhibits respiratory-driven solute transport in membrane vesicles of E coli
anthracenone;
phenols
fungal metabolite
eslicarbazepine acetateeslicarbazepine acetate : The acetate ester, with S configuration, of licarbazepine. An anticonvulsant, it is approved for use in Europe and the United States as an adjunctive therapy for epilepsy.acetate ester;
carboxamide;
dibenzoazepine;
ureas
anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
frangulin bfrangulin B: found in bark of Frangula alnus (formerly called Rhamnus frangula)anthraquinone
phosphoramidonphosphoramidon : A dipeptide isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces tanashiensis.

phosphoramidon: a membrane metallo-endopeptidase & endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor; thermolysin inhibitor from culture filtrate of Streptomyces tanashiensis; structure
deoxyaldohexose phosphate;
dipeptide
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.4.24.11 (neprilysin) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.71 (endothelin-converting enzyme 1) inhibitor
1-(5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepin-5-yl)ethan-1-onedibenzooxazepine
8-azidoadenosine 5'-triphosphate
6-thioinosine-5'-triphosphateorganic molecule
imd 0354N-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide: a cardioprotective agent that inhibits IkappaB kinase beta (IKKbeta); structure in first sourcebenzamides
leukotriene e4leukotriene E4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and an L-cystein-S-yl group at position 6 (6R).

Leukotriene E4: A biologically active principle of SRS-A that is formed from LEUKOTRIENE D4 via a peptidase reaction that removes the glycine residue. The biological actions of LTE4 are similar to LTC4 and LTD4. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990)
amino dicarboxylic acid;
L-cysteine thioether;
leukotriene;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
secondary alcohol
ar c67085mxPSB-0413: a selective antagonist radioligand for platelet P2Y12 receptors
2-methylthio-atp2-methylthio-ATP: purinergic receptors agonist; relaxes mammalian gut preparations; structure given in first source
adp beta sadenosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate): partial agonist toward platelet aggregation; see also record for 1-thiodiphosphate cpd
kn 62KN 62: inhibitor of Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIpiperazines
lofepramine hydrochloride
nf023
salvianolic acid Bsalvianolic acid B : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound extracted from S. miltiorrhiza

salvianolic acid B: isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza
1-benzofurans;
catechols;
dicarboxylic acid;
enoate ester;
polyphenol
anti-inflammatory agent;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
hepatoprotective agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
osteogenesis regulator;
plant metabolite
prasugrel5-[2-cyclopropyl-1-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridin-2-yl acetate : A member of the class of thienopyridines that is 2-acetoxy-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a 2-cyclopropyl-1-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl group.

prasugrel : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.
acetate ester;
cyclopropanes;
ketone;
monofluorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound;
thienopyridine
cangrelorcangrelor : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is 5'-O-[({[dichloro(phosphono)methyl](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]adenosine carrying additional 2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl and (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfanyl substituents at positions N6 and C2 respectively. Used (in the form of its tetrasodium salt) as an intravenous antiplatelet drug that prevents formation of harmful blood clots in the coronary arteries.

cangrelor: platelet P(2T) receptor antagonist
adenosine 5'-phosphate;
aryl sulfide;
nucleoside triphosphate analogue;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
alloinalloin: isolated from various species of aloe; structurediastereoisomeric mixtureEC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
laxative
ticagrelorticagrelor : A triazolopyrimidine that is an adenosine isostere; the cyclopentane ring is similar to ribose and the nitrogen-rich [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine moiety resembles the nucleobase adenine. A platelet aggregation inhibitor which is used for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.

Ticagrelor: An adenosine triphosphate analogue and reversible P2Y12 PURINORECEPTOR antagonist that inhibits ADP-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used for the prevention of THROMBOEMBOLISM by patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME or a history of MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.
aryl sulfide;
hydroxyether;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
triazolopyrimidines
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
salvianolic acid csalvianolic acid C: mTOR inhibitor from Salvia miltiorrhizabenzofurans
af 3535-(5-iodo-2-isopropyl-4-methoxyphenoxy)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine: a P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptor antagonist; structure in first source
elinogrelelinogrel: a P2Y12 inhibitor and platelet aggregation inhibitor
azd1283
acid blue 40Acid Blue 40: a textile dye; structure in first source
acid blue 25
acid blue 129
tetracyclinetetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.

Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.
chlortetracyclinechlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.

Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.