substrate-dependent cell migration, cell extension

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The formation of a cell surface protrusion, such as a lamellipodium or filopodium, at the leading edge of a migrating cell. [ISBN:0815316194, PMID:11944043, PMID:14657486]

Substrate-dependent cell migration, also known as cell extension, is a fundamental process in development, wound healing, and immune responses. It involves the coordinated movement of cells along a substrate, often an extracellular matrix, in response to external cues. This process is characterized by a series of highly regulated steps:

1. **Protrusion:** The leading edge of the cell extends outwards, forming a protrusion. This extension is driven by the polymerization of actin filaments, which assemble into a network that pushes the plasma membrane forward.

2. **Adhesion:** The protruding edge attaches to the substrate through specialized adhesion molecules, such as integrins. These molecules bind to extracellular matrix proteins, providing a stable anchor for the cell.

3. **Translocation:** The cell body is pulled forward, driven by myosin motors that slide along the actin filaments. This movement is coupled with the disassembly of actin filaments at the rear of the cell.

4. **Detachment:** The trailing edge detaches from the substrate as the cell moves forward. This process is regulated by the breakdown of adhesion complexes.

The specific mechanisms underlying each step are highly complex and involve a variety of signaling pathways and molecular players. For instance, the formation of protrusions is regulated by Rho GTPases, such as Rac and Cdc42, which activate downstream effectors that promote actin polymerization. Integrins, the main adhesion molecules, are also involved in signaling pathways that regulate cell migration.

Substrate-dependent cell migration is a highly dynamic and adaptable process. Cells can respond to a variety of cues, such as chemoattractants, growth factors, and mechanical forces, to navigate their environment. This adaptability is crucial for the proper functioning of cells in tissues and organs.

Several factors can influence the rate and direction of substrate-dependent cell migration, including:

* **Substrate properties:** The nature of the substrate, including its composition, rigidity, and topography, can significantly affect cell migration.

* **Cell type:** Different cell types have distinct migratory capabilities and requirements.

* **Extracellular cues:** Chemoattractants, growth factors, and other signaling molecules can direct cell migration.

* **Intracellular signaling:** Complex signaling networks within the cell regulate the various steps involved in migration.

Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying substrate-dependent cell migration is crucial for developing new therapeutic strategies for a variety of diseases, including cancer, wound healing, and immune disorders.'
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Proteins (3)

Compounds (32)