Page last updated: 2024-10-24

regulation of chemotaxis

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient. [GOC:ai]

Chemotaxis, the directed movement of cells or organisms in response to a chemical gradient, is a fundamental process in biology. It plays a crucial role in various biological phenomena, including immune responses, embryogenesis, and the formation of multicellular structures. This complex and tightly regulated process involves a cascade of events, including signal transduction, receptor activation, and cytoskeletal reorganization. The following steps describe the regulation of chemotaxis:

1. **Sensing the Chemical Gradient:** The initial step in chemotaxis is the detection of a chemical gradient by specialized receptors on the cell surface. These receptors, often G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), bind to chemoattractants or chemorepellents, initiating a signaling cascade.
2. **Signal Transduction:** Upon ligand binding, the activated receptor triggers a signaling cascade that relays information to the cell's interior. This cascade typically involves a series of protein interactions, including phosphorylation events and the activation of downstream signaling molecules.
3. **Polarization:** The next crucial step is the establishment of a directional bias in the cell, known as polarization. This involves the asymmetric distribution of signaling molecules and cytoskeletal components, leading to the formation of a leading edge and a trailing edge.
4. **Cytoskeletal Reorganization:** The polarized cell then utilizes its cytoskeleton to generate the forces required for movement. The leading edge, characterized by the polymerization of actin filaments, extends protrusions known as pseudopodia or lamellipodia. These protrusions adhere to the substrate, facilitating cell movement.
5. **Motility:** The coordinated interaction of cytoskeletal elements and adhesion molecules results in cell movement. The cell crawls forward by extending protrusions at the leading edge, adhering to the substrate, and retracting its trailing edge.
6. **Feedback Regulation:** The chemotactic response is finely regulated by feedback mechanisms that ensure proper directionality and prevent overstimulation. These mechanisms include the desensitization of receptors, the internalization of signaling molecules, and the inactivation of downstream effectors.

The precise molecular mechanisms involved in chemotaxis vary depending on the cell type and the specific chemoattractant or chemorepellent involved. However, the fundamental principles of signal transduction, polarization, cytoskeletal reorganization, and feedback regulation are common to all chemotactic processes.'
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Proteins (4)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Chemotaxis protein CheAA chemotaxis protein CheA that is encoded in the genome of Escherichia coli K-12. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P07363]Escherichia coli K-12
P2Y purinoceptor 12A P2Y purinoceptor 12 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:Q9H244]Homo sapiens (human)
P2X purinoceptor 4A P2X purinoceptor 4 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q99571]Homo sapiens (human)
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4A C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P61073]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (58)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
carbamazepinecarbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.

Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.
dibenzoazepine;
ureas
analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbamazepine epoxidecarbamazepine epoxide: metabolite of carbamazepine; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd

carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide : An epoxide and metabolite of carbamazepine.
dibenzoazepine;
epoxide;
ureas
allergen;
drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
emodinemodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.

Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.
trihydroxyanthraquinoneantineoplastic agent;
laxative;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
mitoxantronemitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.

Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.
dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid5'-phosphopyridoxal-6-azobenzene-2,4-disulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate carrying an additional 2,4-disulfophenylazo substituent at position 6.

pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid: a novel antagonist that selectively blocks P2 purinoceptor receptors; a useful tool to study co-transmission in tissues when ATP and coexisting neurotransmitters act in concert
arenesulfonic acid;
azobenzenes;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
organic phosphate;
pyridinecarbaldehyde
purinergic receptor P2X antagonist
benzotriazolebenzotriazole : The simplest member of the class of benzotriazoles that consists of a benzene nucleus fused to a 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring.

benzotriazole: inhibitor of atmospheric metal corrosion; also component of motion picture film & Neva brake fluid
benzotriazolesenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
aloe emodinAloe emodin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.

aloe emodin: structure distinct from emodin; this does not mean emodin from aloe
aromatic primary alcohol;
dihydroxyanthraquinone
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
chrysophanic acidchrysophanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #2260

chrysophanol : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin with a methyl substituent at C-3. It has been isolated from Aloe vera and exhibits antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity.
dihydroxyanthraquinoneanti-inflammatory agent;
antiviral agent;
plant metabolite
physcionephyscion : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone bearing hydroxy substituents at positions 1 and 8, a methoxy group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 6. It has been widely isolated and characterised from both terrestrial and marine sources.

physcione: structure
dihydroxyanthraquinoneanti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite
10,11-dihydrocarbamazepine
diadenosine tetraphosphateP(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate : A diadenosyl tetraphosphate compound having the two 5'-adenosyl residues attached at the P(1)- and P(4)-positions.diadenosyl tetraphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
zalcitabinezalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.

Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
oxcarbazepineoxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.

Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.
cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine
anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
paroxetineparoxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.

Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.
aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clopidogrelclopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.

Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine
anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
plerixaforplerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.

plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2
azacycloalkane;
azamacrocycle;
benzenes;
crown amine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound
anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist;
immunological adjuvant
spiroglumidespiroglumide: a CCK receptor antagonist; antigastrin; structure given in first source
benzylanilinebenzylaniline: major metabolite of antazoline; RN given refers to parent cpd
9-chloroacridine9-chloroacridine: chromogenic reagent for detection of arylhydroxylamines & arylamines on paper & thin layer chromatograms; structure
terephthalamidebenzenedicarboxamide
10-hydroxycarbamazepine10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxycarbamazepine: main metabolite of oxcarbazepine; structure given in first source

licarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine, reduced across the C-10,11 positions and carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen and a hydroxy function at C-10. A voltage-gated sodium channel blocker with anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing effects, it is related to oxcarbazepine and is an active metabolite of oxcarbazepine.
carboxamide;
dibenzoazepine;
ureas
anticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker
methylthio-adp
emodin anthroneemodin anthrone : A member of the class of anthracenones that is anthracen-9(10H)-one which carries a methyl group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3 and 8, respectively. It is an intermediate precursor in the synthesis of hypericin.

emodin anthrone: inhibits respiratory-driven solute transport in membrane vesicles of E coli
anthracenone;
phenols
fungal metabolite
eslicarbazepine acetateeslicarbazepine acetate : The acetate ester, with S configuration, of licarbazepine. An anticonvulsant, it is approved for use in Europe and the United States as an adjunctive therapy for epilepsy.acetate ester;
carboxamide;
dibenzoazepine;
ureas
anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
frangulin bfrangulin B: found in bark of Frangula alnus (formerly called Rhamnus frangula)anthraquinone
phosphoramidonphosphoramidon : A dipeptide isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces tanashiensis.

phosphoramidon: a membrane metallo-endopeptidase & endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor; thermolysin inhibitor from culture filtrate of Streptomyces tanashiensis; structure
deoxyaldohexose phosphate;
dipeptide
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.4.24.11 (neprilysin) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.71 (endothelin-converting enzyme 1) inhibitor
krh 1636KRH 1636: structure in first source
amd 8664
1-(5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepin-5-yl)ethan-1-onedibenzooxazepine
8-azidoadenosine 5'-triphosphate
6-thioinosine-5'-triphosphateorganic molecule
imd 0354N-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide: a cardioprotective agent that inhibits IkappaB kinase beta (IKKbeta); structure in first sourcebenzamides
cyclo(d-tyrosyl-arginyl-arginyl-3-(2-naphthyl)alanyl-glycyl)oligopeptide
luteolin3'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone
angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
leukotriene e4leukotriene E4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and an L-cystein-S-yl group at position 6 (6R).

Leukotriene E4: A biologically active principle of SRS-A that is formed from LEUKOTRIENE D4 via a peptidase reaction that removes the glycine residue. The biological actions of LTE4 are similar to LTC4 and LTD4. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990)
amino dicarboxylic acid;
L-cysteine thioether;
leukotriene;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
secondary alcohol
ar c67085mxPSB-0413: a selective antagonist radioligand for platelet P2Y12 receptors
2-methylthio-atp2-methylthio-ATP: purinergic receptors agonist; relaxes mammalian gut preparations; structure given in first source
adp beta sadenosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate): partial agonist toward platelet aggregation; see also record for 1-thiodiphosphate cpd
kn 62KN 62: inhibitor of Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIpiperazines
lofepramine hydrochloride
nf023
salvianolic acid Bsalvianolic acid B : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound extracted from S. miltiorrhiza

salvianolic acid B: isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza
1-benzofurans;
catechols;
dicarboxylic acid;
enoate ester;
polyphenol
anti-inflammatory agent;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
hepatoprotective agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
osteogenesis regulator;
plant metabolite
prasugrel5-[2-cyclopropyl-1-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridin-2-yl acetate : A member of the class of thienopyridines that is 2-acetoxy-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a 2-cyclopropyl-1-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl group.

prasugrel : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.
acetate ester;
cyclopropanes;
ketone;
monofluorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound;
thienopyridine
cangrelorcangrelor : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is 5'-O-[({[dichloro(phosphono)methyl](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]adenosine carrying additional 2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl and (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfanyl substituents at positions N6 and C2 respectively. Used (in the form of its tetrasodium salt) as an intravenous antiplatelet drug that prevents formation of harmful blood clots in the coronary arteries.

cangrelor: platelet P(2T) receptor antagonist
adenosine 5'-phosphate;
aryl sulfide;
nucleoside triphosphate analogue;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
alloinalloin: isolated from various species of aloe; structurediastereoisomeric mixtureEC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
laxative
ticagrelorticagrelor : A triazolopyrimidine that is an adenosine isostere; the cyclopentane ring is similar to ribose and the nitrogen-rich [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine moiety resembles the nucleobase adenine. A platelet aggregation inhibitor which is used for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.

Ticagrelor: An adenosine triphosphate analogue and reversible P2Y12 PURINORECEPTOR antagonist that inhibits ADP-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used for the prevention of THROMBOEMBOLISM by patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME or a history of MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.
aryl sulfide;
hydroxyether;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
triazolopyrimidines
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
amd 070mavorixafor: a derivative of AMD3100; a CXCR4 blockeraminoquinoline
wz 811
salvianolic acid csalvianolic acid C: mTOR inhibitor from Salvia miltiorrhizabenzofurans
af 3535-(5-iodo-2-isopropyl-4-methoxyphenoxy)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine: a P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptor antagonist; structure in first source
elinogrelelinogrel: a P2Y12 inhibitor and platelet aggregation inhibitor
tn14003TN14003: synthetic antagonist 14-mer peptide inhibiting metastasis in an animal model
azd1283
acid blue 40Acid Blue 40: a textile dye; structure in first source
acid blue 25
acid blue 129
tetracyclinetetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.

Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.
chlortetracyclinechlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.

Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.