tilmicosin and Respiratory-Tract-Infections

MICOTIL 300 is a new macrolide antibiotic for the treatment of Bovine Respiratory Disease complex. As with other macrolides used in human and veterinary medicine, overdoses of MICOTIL do not produce pathognomonic lesions. The toxicity dose response varies among laboratory animal and domestic livestock species. However, clinical evidence of MICOTIL toxicity due to large doses is generally a manifestation of the positive chronotropic and negative inotropic cardiovascular effects. No adverse environmental effects are expected from the use of MICOTIL in cattle.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Drug Residues; Macrolides; Mannheimia haemolytica; Pasteurella Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Time Factors; Tylosin

To examine the effectiveness of mass medication with long acting antibiotics at feedlot entry on lot-fed Australian domestic cattle during a period of high risk for bovine respiratory disease (BRD).. Systematic allocation at feedlot entry of tilmicosin, long acting oxytetracycline or no antibiotic treatment, to cattle lot fed for the Australian domestic market. Comparisons of growth rate, disease occurrence and mortality were made between the groups at the conclusion of the feeding period.. Cattle medicated with tilmicosin at 10 mg/kg body weight on entry to the feedlot grew 0.08 kg/d faster than cattle medicated with oxytetracycline at 20 mg/kg body weight and non-medicated cattle. There was no significant difference in growth rate between oxytetracycline medicated cattle and cattle not medicated with antibiotic at feedlot entry. Cattle medicated with tilmicosin at feedlot entry had 8 fewer cases of disease per 100 animals compared with cattle not medicated with antibiotic at feedlot entry. There was no significant difference in disease occurrence between oxytetracycline medicated cattle and those not medicated with antibiotic at feedlot entry.. Mass medication with tilmicosin at feedlot entry of cattle destined for the Australian domestic market may be used to reduce disease occurrence and increase growth rate during periods of high risk for BRD.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Drug Administration Schedule; Growth; Macrolides; Meat; Oxytetracycline; Queensland; Respiratory Tract Infections; Treatment Outcome; Tylosin

The efficacy of an injectable formulation of danofloxacin (180 mg/ml) in the treatment of naturally occurring bovine respiratory disease was evaluated in field studies on farms in France, Ireland and the United Kingdom. Cattle aged one week to 15 months with clinical respiratory disease were randomly allocated to treatment with 6 mg/kg danofloxacin or 10 mg/kg tilmicosin, administered by a single subcutaneous injection on day 0. A second injection of danofloxacin was administered on day 2, only if predefined clinical criteria were met. Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida and Haemophilus somnus were isolated from pretreatment nasopharyngeal swabs taken on all the farms. After the treatment, there was a more rapid improvement in the clinical response of the 178 animals treated with danofloxacin by day 2 (P < 0.01) than in the 90 treated with tilmicosin. For both treatments, there were similar significant (P < 0.001) reductions in the mean rectal temperature and severity of clinical signs of abnormal respiration and depression, on days 4 and 10 compared with day 0; 78.1 per cent of the animals treated with danofloxacin and 78.5 per cent of those treated with tilmicosin completed the studies. Danofloxacin 18 per cent was clinically safe and as effective as tilmicosin in the treatment of bovine respiratory disease.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Europe; Fluoroquinolones; Haemophilus somnus; Injections, Subcutaneous; Macrolides; Mannheimia haemolytica; Nasal Mucosa; Pasteurella multocida; Respiratory Tract Infections; Treatment Outcome; Tylosin

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Injections, Intramuscular; Injections, Subcutaneous; Macrolides; Male; Oxytetracycline; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Treatment Outcome; Tylosin

To evaluate effects of tilmicosin when used in fever-based and metaphylactic treatment programs to attenuate acute undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in cattle that recently arrived at feedlots, and to evaluate the effects of tilmicosin for the treatment of BRD.. Randomized-block controlled study.. 1,639 calves from livestock auctions.. Cattle were assigned to 3 groups. Cattle in the nonmedicated (control) group were not given antibiotics during processing. Cattle in the fever-based treatment group were given tilmicosin (10 mg/kg [4.5 mg/lb] of body weight, s.c.) during processing when their rectal temperature was > or = 40 C (104 F). All cattle in the metaphylactic treatment group were given tilmicosin (10 mg/kg, s.c.) during processing. Calves with BRD were treated with tilmicosin (10 mg/kg, s.c.).. Morbidity rates in the metaphylactic (30.4%) and fever-based (44.7%) treatment groups were less than that for the nonmedicated group (54.8%). Mortality rate for the metaphylactic group during the first 28 days (1.1%) and during the entire study (1.7%) was less than that for the nonmedicated group (3.3 and 4.6%, respectively). Differences were not observed in therapeutic response rates among calves with BRD that were treated.. Fever-based and metaphylactic treatment programs that used tilmicosin decreased the prevalence of BRD and improved growth of calves. Metaphylactic treatment decreased the number of fatalities caused by BRD in high-risk calves. Fever-based treatment was less effective than metaphylactic treatment for decreasing the prevalence of BRD in newly arrived cattle.

Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Macrolides; Male; Morbidity; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tylosin

Three trials were conducted to evaluate the use of tilmicosin phosphate (Micotil) as a prophylactic medication for newly received, stressed beef cattle. In Trial 1, 57 beef calves (average initial BW = 170 kg) were shipped to the research feedlot from Tennessee and either given no antibiotic at processing or treated with Micotil at 10 mg of tilmicosin phosphate/kg of BW. During a 28-d receiving period, treatment at processing with Micotil did not affect daily gain (P < .17) or DMI (P < .22) compared to control calves. Prophylactic treatment with Micotil decreased (P < .01) the percentage of calves treated for symptoms of bovine respiratory disease from 46.4 to 0%. In Trial 2, 117 calves (average initial BW = 191 kg) were shipped from Tennessee and allotted randomly to the same two treatments as in Trial 1. All calves grazed a 24-ha pasture of irrigated winter wheat during the 28-d receiving period. Treatment of calves with Micotil at the time of arrival processing did not affect (P > .50) daily gain during the trial; however, as in Trial 1, mass treatment with Micotil decreased (P < .01) the percentage of calves treated for respiratory disease from 32.8% to 12.1%. In Trial 3, two truckloads of beef calves (183 total; average initial BW = 232 kg) shipped from Tennessee were allotted randomly to the same two treatments used in Trials 1 and 2 or to a third treatment that consisted of administration of Micotil at arrival processing if the rectal temperature of the calf was > or = 39.7 degrees C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Body Temperature; Breeding; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Diet; Female; Macrolides; Male; Respiratory Tract Infections; Stress, Physiological; Transportation; Tylosin; Weight Gain

The prophylactic administration of injectable tilmicosin for pneumonia in weaned beef calves was investigated in 1,806 animals. Comparisons were made among calves receiving an "on-arrival" injection of tilmicosin, calves receiving a single injection of long-acting oxytetracycline, and calves receiving no prophylaxis. Morbidity and mortality attributable to pneumonia, morbidity and mortality attributable to all causes, and case fatality were significantly lower in the group of calves that received tilmicosin, compared with calves that received long-acting oxytetracycline and calves that received no prophylactic antibiotic. Mean time to initial pneumonia treatment was significantly extended in calves that received prophylaxis, compared with those that received no antibiotic on arrival at the feedlot. Calves that received tilmicosin gained significantly more weight than calves that received oxytetracycline. Calves that were not treated for pneumonia during the trial period gained significantly more weight than did those calves that were treated for pneumonia regardless of experimental group. The majority of mortalities were attributable to fibrinous pneumonia (31/34). Important bacterial isolates (Pasteurella spp, Haemophilus somnus, Actinomyces pyogenes) obtained at necropsy did not have resistance to tilmicosin in association with administration of tilmicosin as prophylaxis for pneumonia. However, bacterial resistance to trimethoprim/sulfonamide and to oxytetracycline were commonly found in these postmortem isolates.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Injections; Macrolides; Male; Oxytetracycline; Pneumonia; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tylosin

The efficacy of tilmicosin in the treatment of respiratory infections in calves was evaluated. According to a randomised block design, 58 calves with naturally occurring respiratory infections were treated with one of the following products: a single subcutaneous injection of tilmicosin (10 mg/kg liveweight) or daily intramuscular injections of 5 mg lincomycin and 10 mg spectinomycin/kg liveweight, for a minimum of three days. Both treatment groups initially showed similar clinical signs and their initial responses to the treatments were good. However, the tilmicosin treated calves improved more rapidly. Significantly greater improvements (P less than or equal to 0.05) were observed in their demeanour and appetite during the first 10 days after treatment began, and in their respiratory condition between five and 10 days after treatment began.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Injections, Intramuscular; Injections, Subcutaneous; Lincomycin; Macrolides; Male; Mycoplasma Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Spectinomycin; Tylosin

The efficacy of an injectable formulation of florfenicol (300 mg/mL) as metaphylactic control of naturally occurring bovine respiratory disease (BRD) was evaluated in two double-blind randomly controlled field studies on two Dutch veal calf herds (A and B). Cattle aged not older than 3 months and in the direct presence of calves with clinical respiratory disease were randomly allocated to treatment with 40 mg/kg florfenicol subcutaneously (s.c.) a positive control treatment (12.5 mg/kg tilmicosin p.o. twice daily for five consecutive days in herd A, and 12.5 mg/kg doxycycline p.o. twice daily for five consecutive days in herd B), or a negative control (one placebo saline s.c. administration on D0). The predominant respiratory pathogens present in pretreatment respiratory samples from affected animals were Mycoplasma bovis and Pasteurella multocida in outbreaks A and B, respectively. Metaphylactic administration of florfenicol resulted in a statistically significant weight gain, decreased rectal temperature for five consecutive days after treatment and decreased metaphylactic failure percentages compared with both positive and negative control groups. In summary, these studies demonstrated that a single s.c. injection of florfenicol is effective and practical for control of the bacterial component of BRD in veal calves.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Body Temperature; Body Weight; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Disease Outbreaks; Male; Mycoplasma bovis; Mycoplasma Infections; Netherlands; Pasteurella Infections; Pasteurella multocida; Respiratory Tract Infections; Thiamphenicol; Tylosin

Nineteen sheep which were anorexic, pyrexic, coughing, dyspnoeic and had a nasal discharge and symptomatic thoracic sounds on auscultation, received a single subcutaneous dose of 10 mg/kg bodyweight of tilmicosin. The clinical signs were eliminated within four to six days. The kinetic profiles of the drug after a single subcutaneous injection were compared in five healthy sheep and five infected sheep. More of the drug was absorbed by the infected animals and its concentration remained higher for significantly longer. The drug was well tolerated and no local or systemic side effects were observed.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Area Under Curve; Female; Injections, Subcutaneous; Macrolides; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycoplasma; Nasal Mucosa; Pasteurella; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Treatment Outcome; Tylosin

Bacterial isolates obtained from swine with various clinical diseases were tested for susceptibility to tilmicosin by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion tests using National Committee on Clinical Laboratory Standards methodology. The tilmicosin MIC90 was < or =0.125 microg/ml for Erysiopelothrix rhusiopathiae, < or = 1 microg/ml for Haemophilus parasuis isolates, 8 microg/ml for Actinobacillus suis and Pasteurella multocida type A, 16 microg/ml for toxigenic and nontoxigenic P. multocida type D, 64 microg/ml for Bordetella bronchiseptica, and >128 microg/ml for Staphylococcus hyicus and Streptococcus suis. The results of disk diffusion testing matched well with the MIC results for each pathogen. This in vitro survey of tilmicosin activity against various swine isolates suggests that further clinical evaluation of tilmicosin in swine may be warranted for disease associated with E. rhusiopathiae, H. parasuis, and A. suis but not B. bronchiseptica, S. suis, or S. hyicus.

Topics: Actinobacillus; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Erysipelothrix; Haemophilus; Macrolides; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pasteurella multocida; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tylosin

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Macrolides; Oxytetracycline; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tylosin

Quality control guidelines for tilmicosin, a novel veterinary-use-only macrolide, were developed in a multi-laboratory study according to established National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) procedures (M23-T2). Tilmicosin was incorporated into Sensititre plates for broth microdilution endpoint testing and into two lots of 15-micrograms disks for Kirby-Bauer agar disk diffusion testing. One common lot and five unique lots of Mueller-Hinton media were used. (Broth was cation adjusted, and agar was supplemented with 5% defibrinated sheep blood.) Bacteria used for reference strains included Pasteurella haemolytica 128K, Pasteurella multocida ATCC 43137, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 (microdilution) and ATCC 25923 (disk). Replicate tests were conducted. Disk diffusion and broth microdilution quality control ranges are proposed.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Guidelines as Topic; Macrolides; Mannheimia haemolytica; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pasteurella Infections; Pasteurella multocida; Quality Control; Reference Standards; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tylosin

The parenteral administration to calves of the antibiotic tilmicosin either on arrival at a feedlot or 72 hours later was evaluated in a group of 308 steer calves. The calves were allotted to 24 pens so that there were eight replicates of the two medicated groups and eight replicates of the control group. The need for veterinary treatment was reduced significantly (P less than 0.05) during the first month of the feeding period in the two medicated groups. The medicated groups had an improved average daily weight gain (P less than 0.01) over the trial period compared with the non-medicated animals. This improved average daily gain by the medicated groups was not reduced when animals with respiratory disease were excluded from the calculations. The medicated groups also had an improved feed conversion efficiency (P less than 0.01) over the first 60 days of the feeding period compared with the non-medicated animals.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Macrolides; Male; Morbidity; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tylosin; Weight Gain