tilmicosin and Respiratory-Tract-Diseases

This commercial field trial compared the efficacy of enrofloxacin and ceftiofur sodium in beef cattle at high risk of developing undifferentiated fever (UF), also known as bovine respiratory disease (BRD) that received tilmicosin at feedlot arrival, were diagnosed and initially treated for UF with tilmicosin, and subsequently required a second UF treatment (first relapse). Feedlot cattle (n = 463) were randomly assigned to 2 experimental groups: ENRO or CEF. Second UF relapse, 3rd UF relapse, overall case fatality and BRD case fatality rates were lower in the ENRO group than in the CEF group (P < 0.05). There were no differences in average daily gain (allocation to re-implant date), chronicity, histophilosis case fatality or miscellaneous case fatality rates between the groups (P ≥ 0.05). A per-animal economic advantage of Can$57.08 was calculated for the ENRO group versus the CEF group. In feedlot cattle in western Canada at high risk of developing UF, it was more cost effective to administer enrofloxacin than ceftiofur sodium for treatment of UF relapse.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cephalosporins; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Enrofloxacin; Fluoroquinolones; Male; Recurrence; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Treatment Outcome; Tylosin; Weight Gain

To compare the effect of a single parenteral injection of tilmicosin with that of a single dose of a long-acting oxytetracycline as treatment in the early stages of naturally acquired undifferentiated respiratory tract disease in young dairy calves.. Prospective clinical trial, randomized block design.. 40 dairy calves.. 78 calves from 5 farms were examined weekly until 3 months old. When respiratory tract disease was diagnosed by a veterinarian, the calf was assigned to 1 or 2 treatment groups. Transtracheal wash samples were acquired to characterize the pathogens. The veterinarian, who was unaware of treatment assignments, examined calves for 3 days after treatment and evaluated severity, using a scoring system. Growth rates were measured.. On the basis of response to initial treatment, relapse rates, and effect on growth rates, the antibiotics were determined to be equally effective. Severity of clinical disease was significantly (P < 0.03) less for the tilmicosin-treated calves on days 2 and 3 after treatment. Findings from analysis of transtracheal wash samples indicated Pasteurella multocida (25/40), P haemolytica (4/40), Haemophilus somnus (4/40), Actinomyces pyogenes (3/40), and Aspergillus sp (2/40). Mycoplasma was isolated in association with bacterial isolates in 22 calves.. Tilmicosin and oxytetracycline are effective in treatment of respiratory tract disease in young calves, even when Mycoplasma spp are involved. Tilmicosin is more effective in resolving clinical signs. Early treatment of dairy calves with respiratory tract disease may decrease detrimental effects on growth.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Macrolides; Oxytetracycline; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Tylosin

Although 90% of BRD relapses are reported to receive retreatment with a different class of antimicrobial, studies examining the impact of antimicrobial selection (i.e. bactericidal or bacteriostatic) on retreatment outcomes and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are deficient in the published literature. This survey was conducted to determine the association between antimicrobial class selection for treatment and retreatment of BRD relapses on antimicrobial susceptibility of Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni. Pathogens were isolated from samples submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory from January 2013 to December 2015. A total of 781 isolates with corresponding animal case histories, including treatment protocols, were included in the analysis. Original susceptibility testing of these isolates for ceftiofur, danofloxacin, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, oxytetracycline, spectinomycin, tilmicosin, and tulathromycin was performed using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Data were analyzed using a Bayesian approach to evaluate whether retreatment with antimicrobials of different mechanistic classes (bactericidal or bacteriostatic) increased the probability of resistant BRD pathogen isolation in calves. The posterior distribution we calculated suggests that an increased number of treatments is associated with a greater probability of isolates resistant to at least one antimicrobial. Furthermore, the frequency of resistant BRD bacterial isolates was greater with retreatment using antimicrobials of different mechanistic classes than retreatment with the same class. Specifically, treatment protocols using a bacteriostatic drug first followed by retreatment with a bactericidal drug were associated with a higher frequency of resistant BRD pathogen isolation. In particular, first treatment with tulathromycin (bacteriostatic) followed by ceftiofur (bactericidal) was associated with the highest probability of resistant M. haemolytica among all antimicrobial combinations. These observations suggest that consideration should be given to antimicrobial pharmacodynamics when selecting drugs for retreatment of BRD. However, prospective studies are needed to determine the clinical relevance to antimicrobial stewardship programs in livestock production systems.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex; Cattle; Cephalosporins; Disaccharides; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Fluoroquinolones; Heterocyclic Compounds; Mannheimia haemolytica; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pasteurella multocida; Pasteurellaceae; Prospective Studies; Recurrence; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Serogroup; Tylosin

To correlate serum concentrations of fibrinogen (Fib), haptoglobin (Hap), serum amyloid-A (SAA), and alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) with clinical respiratory tract disease and response to treatment in transport-stressed feedlot cattle fed vitamin E-supplemented diets.. 387 heifer calves (mean initial weight, 197 kg).. Calves purchased from an order buyer were delivered to a feedlot to study the effects of dietary supplementation with 2,000 IU of vitamin E for 0, 7, 14, or 28 days after arrival. Serum or plasma Fib, Hap, SAA, and AGP concentrations were measured on days 0, 7, and 28 after arrival as well as at the time of treatment for respiratory tract disease with antimicrobial drugs and after completion of treatment.. Vitamin E supplementation was associated with decreased treatment costs. In cattle that were not recognized as sick or responded positively to 1 antimicrobial treatment, serum Hap concentrations were significantly lower on days 0 and 7 than concentrations for cattle that required > 1 treatment. Serum Hap concentrations and ratios of Hap to SAA on day 0 significantly correlated with the number of antimicrobial treatments required. Serum Hap concentrations at the time of initial treatment were significantly lower for cattle that required only 1 treatment, compared with those that required > 1 treatment.. Serum Hap concentrations are of potential value for use in assessing feedlot cattle that may become ill as a result of respiratory tract disease and for use in monitoring treatment efficacy.

Topics: Acute-Phase Proteins; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cephalosporins; Female; Macrolides; Random Allocation; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Thiamphenicol; Tylosin; Vitamin E

This study was conducted to compare the effects of a preventive in-feed medication programme using tilmicosin (Pulmotil 200 premix, Elanco Animal Health) at 200 p.p.m. with those of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mh) vaccination programme (Stellamune Mycoplasma, Pfizer Animal Health). A pig herd with chronic respiratory disease in which infection with Mh played an important role was selected, and a total of 204 piglets were randomly allocated to either the medication (P) or the vaccination (V) group. Pigs in the P group received medicated feed for 3 weeks after weaning (days 34-55), and for 2 weeks late in the nursery period (days 77-98). The piglets in the V group were vaccinated twice intramuscularly, at 4 and 22 days of age. The two groups were compared on the basis of average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion rate (FCR), additional curative medication days (CMD), overall mortality (major variables), a coughing index, pneumonia lesions, and serology against Mh, influenza H1N1 and influenza H3N2 viruses, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) and porcine reproductive and respirator, syndrome virus (PRRSV) (minor variables). No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed for ADG (555 g/day in P group; 567 g/day in V group), FCR (2.64 in P group; 2.41 in V group) and mortality rate (11% in P group; 7% in V group). The average number of additional curative medication days (CMD) per pig was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in the P group (1.5) than in the V group (0.58). At slaughter age, the serological results and the prevalence of macroscopic lung lesions were comparable in the two groups (P > 0.05). With the exception of CMD, the preventive use of tilmicosin at this swine farm was found to confer similar beneficial effects to Mh vaccination.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Vaccines; Macrolides; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Swine; Swine Diseases; Treatment Outcome; Tylosin; Vaccination

To determine effects of time of administration of tilmicosin and feeding of chlortetracycline on colonization of the nasopharynx of transported cattle by Mannheimia haemolytica (MH).. 454 steers (body weight, 200 kg).. 3 studies included 4 truckloads of steers assembled and processed in the southeastern United States. For each truckload of steers, a third received tilmicosin before transportation (PRIOR), then all were transported to a feedlot in New Mexico (23 hours). At arrival (day 0), another third received tilmicosin (ARR). The remaining third did not receive tilmicosin (control steers [CTR]). Steers in studies 1 and 2 were housed in a feedlot, and steers in study 3 were housed on wheat pasture. One half of the steers from each group in studies 2 and 3 were fed chlortetracycline on days 5 to 9. Steer with signs of respiratory tract disease were treated. Nasal swab specimens were examined for MH to determine colonization.. PRIOR and ARR steers had a lower incidence of respiratory tract disease and MH colonization than CTR steers, but PRIOR and ARR steers did not differ. Feeding chlortetracycline did not have an effect.. Tilmicosin can inhibit MH from colonizing the nasopharynx of cattle. Because tilmicosin inhibits the growth of MH in the respiratory tract, medication with tilmicosin prior to transport should reduce the incidence of acute respiratory tract disease during the first week at the feedlot when calves are most susceptible to infectious organisms.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chlortetracycline; Drug Administration Schedule; Macrolides; Male; Nasal Mucosa; New Mexico; Orchiectomy; Pasteurellaceae; Pasteurellaceae Infections; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Southeastern United States; Transportation; Tylosin

A 29-year-old white male farm worker accidentally injected tilmicosin, a bovine antibiotic, into his finger. He developed temporary pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and neuromuscular symptomatology and a more persistent subjective asthenia.

Topics: Accidents, Occupational; Adult; Angina Pectoris; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ataxia; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Humans; Injections, Intradermal; Macrolides; Male; Paralysis; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Tachycardia; Tylosin

A severe outbreak of undifferentiated respiratory disease affecting 119 of 144 (82.6 per cent) two- to five-month-old housed beef calves was studied by monitoring their clinical signs and rectal temperatures daily or every second day for two months. New cases of respiratory disease, which were first identified three weeks after the calves were housed, occurred over a period of 29 days. The cause of the outbreak was not conclusively determined although 20 per cent of the calves sampled showed serological evidence of recent infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenzavirus 3. Seventeen of 61 calves (27.9 per cent) which were treated with tilmicosin had to be treated again, compared with nine of 58 calves (15.5 per cent) which were treated with both tilmicosin and flunixin meglumine and did not need further treatment, but this difference was not statistically significant.

Topics: Animal Husbandry; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Clonixin; Disease Outbreaks; Drug Therapy, Combination; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Macrolides; Meat; Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human; Pasteurellosis, Pneumonic; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Tylosin; United Kingdom