Page last updated: 2024-10-24

cellular response to bile acid

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bile acid stimulus. [GO_REF:0000071, GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:21757002]

Cellular response to bile acid is a complex process that involves a cascade of signaling events and cellular adaptations to maintain homeostasis in the presence of bile acids. Bile acids are synthesized in the liver from cholesterol and are essential for fat digestion and absorption. They are released into the bile ducts and stored in the gallbladder until needed. After a meal, bile acids are secreted into the small intestine where they emulsify fats, facilitating their digestion by lipases.

Upon reaching the ileum, the terminal portion of the small intestine, a significant fraction of bile acids are reabsorbed into the circulation via specific transporters located on the apical membrane of enterocytes. This process is termed ileal bile acid reabsorption. The reabsorbed bile acids are then transported back to the liver, completing the enterohepatic circulation.

The liver plays a pivotal role in maintaining bile acid homeostasis by regulating their synthesis, conjugation, and excretion. Bile acid signaling pathways involve a variety of receptors and signaling molecules, including the nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR), the G protein-coupled receptor TGR5, and the membrane-bound apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT).

FXR activation by bile acids in the liver and intestine triggers a cascade of events that reduce bile acid synthesis and promote their excretion. FXR activation in the ileum leads to the upregulation of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), which acts on the liver to suppress bile acid synthesis. Conversely, FXR activation in the liver induces the expression of genes involved in bile acid excretion, such as the bile salt export pump (BSEP).

TGR5, a G protein-coupled receptor expressed in various tissues, including the liver, intestine, and brown adipose tissue, is activated by bile acids. TGR5 activation triggers the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which activates downstream signaling pathways involved in energy metabolism and thermogenesis.

ASBT, located on the apical membrane of enterocytes, plays a crucial role in bile acid reabsorption. The transporter facilitates the uptake of bile acids from the intestinal lumen into enterocytes. In the event of elevated bile acid levels, ASBT activity is downregulated, reducing bile acid reabsorption and promoting their excretion.

Disruptions in bile acid homeostasis can lead to a variety of physiological and pathological conditions. Excessive bile acid accumulation in the liver can cause liver damage and cholestasis. Conversely, bile acid deficiency can impair fat digestion and absorption, leading to malabsorption and steatorrhea.

Cellular response to bile acid is a tightly regulated process that is essential for maintaining lipid metabolism and homeostasis. The intricate interplay of signaling pathways, transporters, and metabolic enzymes ensures the efficient utilization and excretion of bile acids, while preventing their accumulation to toxic levels.'
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Proteins (3)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Bile acid receptorA bile acid receptor that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q96RI1]Homo sapiens (human)
G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1A G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:Q8TDU6]Homo sapiens (human)
Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit beta-1A calcium-activated potassium channel subunit beta-1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q16558]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (91)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
benzbromaronebenzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.

Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.
1-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone
uricosuric drug
clotrimazoleconazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
felodipinefelodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.

Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.
dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
flutrimazoleflutrimazole : An imidazole antifungal agent that is imidazole in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,4'-difluorotrityl group. A topical antifungal agent which displays potent broad-spectrum in vitro activity against dermatophytes, filamentous fungi and yeasts.imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor
loratadineloratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.

Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.
benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide
anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
nimodipinenimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.

Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.
2-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
ns 1619NS 1619 : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced are replaced by 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. It is an opener/activator of the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (Bkca).

NS 1619: structure given in first source
(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
benzimidazoles;
phenols
potassium channel opener
ono 1078pranlukast: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonistchromones
raloxifeneraloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.1-benzothiophenes;
aromatic ketone;
N-oxyethylpiperidine;
phenols
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
pf 5901alpha-pentyl-3-(2-quinolinylmethoxy)benzenemethanol: structure given in first source; platelet activating factor antagonistquinolines
sulconazole1-{2-[(4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanyl]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}-1H-imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-ethyl-1H-imidazole in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a (4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanediyl group while a second is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group.

sulconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sulconazole. An antifungal agent with activity against Candida species, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.

sulconazole: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure given in first source
dichlorobenzene;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
organic sulfide
thyroxinethyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.

Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.
2-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine;
thyroxine zwitterion
antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
androsterone17-oxo steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
C19-steroid
androgen;
anticonvulsant;
human blood serum metabolite;
human metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
pheromone
etiocholanolone3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one : An androstanoid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone in mammals.

Etiocholanolone: The 5-beta-reduced isomer of ANDROSTERONE. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the URINE.
17-oxo steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosteronedehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.

Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.
17-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid
androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
taurocholic acidtaurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.

taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.

Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.
amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate
human metabolite
lithocholic acidlithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.

lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.

Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.
bile acid;
C24-steroid;
monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
chenodeoxycholic acidchenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.

chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.

Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.
bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
glycocholic acidglycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.

glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.

Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.
bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
oleanolic acidhydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid
plant metabolite
dihydrotestosterone17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.

17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.

Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid
androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
glycochenodeoxycholic acidglycochenodeoxycholate : A N-acylglycinate that is the conjugate base of glycochenodeoxycholic acid.

glycochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oyl as the bile acid component.

Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfatedehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.

Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.
17-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol : The 5alpha-stereoisomer of androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol.androstane-3alpha,17beta-diolDaphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite
ursodeoxycholic acidursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.

ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.

Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.
bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ursolic acidhydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid
geroprotector;
plant metabolite
betulinic acidhydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid
anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
plant metabolite
platanic acidplatanic acid : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is 30-norlupan-28-oic acid substituted by a 3beta-hydroxy and an oxo group at position 20. It is isolated from the leaves of Syzygium claviflorum and exhibits anti-HIV activity.

platanic acid: inhibits HIV replication; isolated from Syzigium claviflorum; structure in first source
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
methyl ketone;
pentacyclic triterpenoid
anti-HIV agent;
metabolite
magnololbiphenyls
honokiolbiphenyls
betulinbetulin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-hydroxymethyl substituents.

betulin: isolated from various white birch bark (BETULA)
diol;
pentacyclic triterpenoid
analgesic;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
metabolite
alpha-amyrinalpha-amyrin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is ursane which contains a double bond between positions 12 and 13 and in which the hydrogen at the 3beta position is substituted by a hydroxy group.

alpha-amyrin: beta-amyrin is also available; a 5 ring triterpene derived from taraxasterol that differs from beta-amyrin in having the 29-carbon at the 19 position
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
secondary alcohol
betulinic acid methyl esterbetulinic acid methyl ester: from the roots of Saussurea lappa; structure in first sourcetriterpenoid
arjunolic acidarjunolic acid : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is olean-12-en-28-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3 and 23 (the 2alpha,3beta stereoisomer). Isolated from Symplocos lancifolia and Juglans sinensis, it exhibits antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.

arjunolic acid: oleanane type; isol from Cochlospermum tinctorium (Bixaceae); structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2alpha,3beta,4alpha)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/89
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antioxidant;
metabolite
friedelin3-friedelanone: from the stem bark of Irvingia gabonensis; structure in first source

friedelin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is perhydropicene which is substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and by methyl groups at the 4, 4a, 6b, 8a, 11, 11, 12b, and 14a-positions (the 4R,4aS,6aS,6bR,8aR,12aR,12bS,14aS,14bS-enantiomer). It is the major triterpenoid constituent of cork.
cyclic terpene ketone;
pentacyclic triterpenoid
anti-inflammatory drug;
antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
plant metabolite
lupenonelupenone: structure in first sourcetriterpenoidmetabolite
uvaoluvaol: from Vauquelinia corymbosa (Rosaceae)triterpenoidmetabolite
cholanic acid5beta-cholanic acids;
cholanic acid
5-alpha-dihydroprogesterone5-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone: A biologically active 5-alpha-reduced metabolite of plasma PROGESTERONE. It is the immediate precursor of 5-alpha-pregnan-3-alpha-ol-20-one (ALLOPREGNANOLONE), a neuroactive steroid that binds with GABA(A) RECEPTOR.

5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione : A C21-steroid hormone that is 5alpha-pregnane substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 20. It is a metabolite of progestrone.
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid;
C21-steroid hormone
human metabolite;
progestogen
methyl lithocholatemethyl lithocholate: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer
fulvestrantfulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.

Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide
antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
sr141716amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles
anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant;
CB1 receptor antagonist
cp-55,940
6-hydroxydopa6-hydroxydopa: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designationnon-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
glycolithocholic acidglycolithocholic acid : The glycine conjugate of lithocholic acid.

glycolithocholic acid: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer
bile acid glycine conjugate;
N-acylglycine
asiatic acidmonocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
triol
angiogenesis modulating agent;
metabolite
taurohyodeoxycholic acidtaurohyodeoxycholic acid: a biliary acid used for the prevention and therapy of gallstones and related symptomsbile acid taurine conjugate
ly 255283LY 255283: structure given in UD; leukotriene B4 antagonistaromatic ketone
betulonic acidbetulonic acid: isolated from Rush javanica; strucure in first sourcetriterpenoidanticoronaviral agent
4-methoxyhonokiol4-methoxyhonokiol: an NSAID isolated from Magnolia obovata; structure in first source
nbi 27914dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
24-norursodeoxycholic acid24-norursodeoxycholic acid: structure given in first source
cholic acidcholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.

Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.
12alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
bile acid;
C24-steroid;
trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
deoxycholic aciddeoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.

Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.
bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid
human blood serum metabolite
epietiocholanoloneepietiocholanolone : A 3beta-hydroxy steroid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3beta and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone.17-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid
androgen;
animal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
rat metabolite
taurochenodeoxycholic acidtaurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.

taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.

Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.
bile acid taurine conjugatehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
taurolithocholic acidtaurolithocholic acid : The bile acid taurine conjugate of lithocholic acid.

Taurolithocholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from lithocholic acid conjugation with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It solubilizes fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
bile acid taurine conjugate;
monocarboxylic acid amide
human metabolite
epiandrosteroneepiandrosterone : A 3beta-hydroxy steroid that is (5alpha)-androstane substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17.17-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid
androgen;
human metabolite
5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene-2,8-diol(R,R)-5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydro-2,8-chrysenediol : A carbotetracyclic compound that is 5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 8 and by ethyl groups at positions 5 and 11 (the 5R,11R-stereoisomer). It is an agonist of ER-alpha and antagonist of ER-beta receptors.

5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene-2,8-diol: estrogen receptor ligand; structure in first source
carbotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol
estrogen receptor agonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent
obeticholic acidobeticholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is chenodeoxycholic acid carrying an additional ethyl substituent at the 6alpha-position. A semi-synthetic bile acid which acts as a farnesoid X receptor agonist and is used for treatment of primary biliary cholangitis.

obeticholic acid: A farnesoid X receptor agonist and anticholestatic agent that is used in the treatment of chronic liver diseases; structure in first source.
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid
farnesoid X receptor agonist;
hepatoprotective agent
t0901317T0901317: an LXRalpha and LXRbeta agonist
6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime : A member of the class of biindoles that is indirubin substituted at position 6 by a bromo group and in which the keto group at position 3' has undergone condensation with hydroxylamine to form the corresponding oxime.

6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime: structure in first source
sulfolithocholic acidlithocholic acid sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is lithocholic acid in which the hydroxy hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a sulfo group.

sulfolithocholic acid: RN refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer
steroid sulfate
sodium taurodeoxycholatetaurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid.

taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.

Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.
bile acid taurine conjugatehuman metabolite
N-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-ethoxybenzamidebenzamides
glycodeoxycholic acidglycodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.

Glycodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.
bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
gw 7647GW 7647 : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-(phenylsulfanyl)isobutyric acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at the para- position by a 3-aza-7-cyclohexylhept-1-yl group in which the nitrogen is acylated by a (cyclohexylamino)carbonyl group.

GW 7647: a PPAR-alpha agonist; structure in first source
aryl sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
ureas
PPARalpha agonist
jhw 015indolecarboxamide
hyodeoxycholic acidhyodeoxycholic acid : A member of the class of 5beta-cholanic acids that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by alpha-hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 6.

hyodeoxycholic acid: differs from deoxycholic acid in that the 6 alpha-OH is in the 12 position in the former; RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,6alpha)-isomer
5beta-cholanic acids;
6alpha,20xi-murideoxycholic acid;
bile acid;
C24-steroid
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
3-ketolithocholic acid3-ketolithocholic acid: structure in first sourceoxo-5beta-cholanic acid
andrographolidecarbobicyclic compound;
gamma-lactone;
labdane diterpenoid;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol
anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
fexaraminefexaramine: structure in first sourcebiphenyls
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dionepregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione: steroid from guggulu extract; RN & N1 from C1 Form index; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source; antagonist of farnesoid X receptor3-hydroxy steroidandrogen
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione, (17z)-isomer
loalithocholic acid acetate: structure in first source
ursodoxicoltaurinetauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.

tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.
bile acid taurine conjugateanti-inflammatory agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bone density conservation agent;
cardioprotective agent;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
gw 4064stilbenoid
way-362450indoles
12-epi-scalarin12-epi-scalarin : The 12-epimer of scalarin, a metabolite of marine sponges of the genus Spongia.scalarane sesterterpenoidanimal metabolite
glycoursodeoxycholic acidglycoursodeoxycholate : A N-acylglycinate that is the conjugate base of glycoursodeoxycholic acid. obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.

glycoursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.
bile acid glycine conjugate;
N-acylglycine
human blood serum metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
alisol b monoacetatealisol B 23-acetate: from Alisma orientale rhizome; structure in first sourcetriterpenoid
alisol c 23-acetatealisol C 23-acetate: isolated from Alismatis Rhizoma; structure in first source
alisol aalisol A: has anti-hepatitis B virus activity; structure
alisol btriterpenoid
archazolid aarchazolid A: inhibits vacuolar-type ATPase; isolated from Archangium gephyra; structure in first source
beta-Elemonic acidbeta-elemonic acid: extracted from Boswellia carteriitriterpenoid
int-777
alisol f
alisol a 24-acetatealisol A 24-acetate: isolated from Alismatis Rhizoma; structure in first source
unipr129UniPR129: an antiangiogenic agent that disrupts the interaction between EphA2 and ephrin-A1; structure in first source
4-(2-(2-chloro-4-((5-cyclopropyl-3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-4-isoxazolyl)methoxy)phenyl)cyclopropyl)benzoic acid4-(2-(2-chloro-4-((5-cyclopropyl-3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-4-isoxazolyl)methoxy)phenyl)cyclopropyl)benzoic acid: a farnesoid X receptor agonist; structure in first source