pyramidal neuron differentiation

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The process in which a neuroblast or one of its progeny commits to a pyramidal neuron fate, migrates from the ventricular zone to the appropriate layer in the cortex and develops into a mature neuron. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid]

Pyramidal neuron differentiation is a complex and tightly regulated process that involves a series of molecular events leading to the formation of mature, functional pyramidal neurons. These neurons are the primary excitatory neurons in the cerebral cortex and play crucial roles in learning, memory, and cognition.

The process begins with the commitment of neural progenitor cells to a neuronal fate, a step influenced by various signaling pathways and transcription factors. Once committed, these cells enter a stage of rapid proliferation, expanding the pool of neuronal precursors. This proliferation is regulated by factors like fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and sonic hedgehog (Shh).

As the progenitor cells progress through the cell cycle, they acquire a distinct pyramidal neuron identity. This involves the expression of specific transcription factors, such as Neurogenin 2 (Neurog2), which promote the expression of genes essential for pyramidal neuron development.

The next phase involves neuronal migration, where newly generated pyramidal neurons travel from their birthplace in the ventricular zone to their final destination in the cortical layers. This migration is guided by radial glial fibers and regulated by factors like reelin and Slit-Robo signaling.

Once at their destination, pyramidal neurons begin to extend their axons and dendrites, establishing connections with other neurons. Axon extension is guided by cues from target cells and involves the formation of growth cones, specialized structures that sense and navigate the environment. Dendritic arborization is also a complex process that involves the extension and branching of dendrites, increasing the neuron's surface area for synaptic input.

The final stage of differentiation involves the maturation of synapses and the acquisition of functional properties. This involves the formation of presynaptic terminals, postsynaptic densities, and the expression of neurotransmitter receptors. The development of synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken in response to activity, is crucial for learning and memory.

Throughout this process, a complex interplay of signaling molecules, transcription factors, and epigenetic modifications orchestrates the differentiation of pyramidal neurons. Defects in these processes can lead to neurodevelopmental disorders, highlighting the importance of understanding this intricate biological phenomenon.'
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Proteins (3)

Compounds (103)