Page last updated: 2024-10-24

organelle transport along microtubule

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The directed movement of an organelle along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of an organelle to a microtubule, and ends when the organelle reaches its final destination. [GOC:mah]

Organelle transport along microtubules is a fundamental cellular process that enables the efficient movement of organelles throughout the cytoplasm. Microtubules, long cylindrical structures composed of the protein tubulin, serve as tracks for motor proteins, which bind to and move along these tracks. These motor proteins, belonging to the kinesin and dynein families, act as molecular machines that convert chemical energy from ATP hydrolysis into mechanical work, propelling organelles along the microtubules.

Kinesins typically move towards the plus end of microtubules, which is often located at the cell periphery, while dyneins move towards the minus end, which is typically located near the nucleus. The directionality of these motor proteins is determined by their specific binding sites on microtubules and their interactions with other cellular components.

The process of organelle transport can be broadly divided into three main stages:

1. **Cargo Recognition and Binding:** Motor proteins recognize and bind to specific cargo molecules on organelles. These cargo molecules can be proteins, lipids, or other molecules that mark the organelle for transport. The binding of the motor protein to its cargo is highly specific and is mediated by interactions between the motor protein's cargo-binding domain and the cargo molecule.

2. **Microtubule Association and Movement:** Once bound to its cargo, the motor protein associates with the microtubule. The motor protein binds to the microtubule using its microtubule-binding domain, which interacts with specific tubulin subunits within the microtubule. The binding of the motor protein to the microtubule allows it to move along the track, propelled by the hydrolysis of ATP.

3. **Cargo Delivery and Release:** As the motor protein moves along the microtubule, it carries its cargo towards its designated destination. Upon reaching its target, the motor protein releases its cargo through a process that is not fully understood. This release event may be triggered by specific signaling pathways or by interactions with other proteins at the target site.

Organelle transport along microtubules is essential for various cellular functions, including:

- **Intracellular trafficking:** Delivery of proteins, lipids, and other molecules to their appropriate destinations within the cell.
- **Cell division:** Transport of chromosomes and other cellular components during mitosis and meiosis.
- **Signal transduction:** Movement of signaling molecules and receptors within the cell, allowing for efficient communication between different parts of the cell.
- **Cell polarity:** Establishment and maintenance of distinct cellular domains, such as the apical and basal regions of epithelial cells.

Disruptions in organelle transport can lead to various cellular malfunctions and diseases, highlighting the crucial role of this process in maintaining cellular homeostasis.'
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Proteins (2)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Tubulin alpha-1A chainA tubulin alpha-1A chain that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q71U36]Homo sapiens (human)
Cell division control protein 42 homologA cell division control protein 42 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P60953]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (67)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
fasudilfasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.

fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source
isoquinolines;
N-sulfonyldiazepane
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
nootropic agent;
vasodilator agent
ketorolac5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.

ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.

Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)
amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate
analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nocodazolearomatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester;
thiophenes
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
vincristineacetate ester;
formamides;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid
antineoplastic agent;
drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
colchicine(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.alkaloid;
colchicine
anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
kokusagininekokusaginine: antimalarial alkaloid from Teclea afzelii; structure in first sourceorganic heterotricyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
oxacycle
podophyllotoxinPodophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.furonaphthodioxole;
lignan;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
vinblastine
desacetamidocolchicinedesacetamidocolchicine: structure given in first source
thiocholchicinethiocholchicine: RN refers to (S)-isomer
parbendazoleparbendazole: anthelmintic used against a variety of gastrointestinal parasites; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZIMIDAZOLES; RN given refers to parent cpdbenzimidazoles;
carbamate ester
paclitaxelTaxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid
antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
2-demethylthiocolchicine2-demethylthiocolchicine: RN & structure given in first source; RN not in Chemline 10/85
sanguinarine chloride
chelerythrine chloride
3-demethylthiocolchicine3-demethylthiocolchicine: RN & structure given in first source; RN not in Chemline 10/85
quercetin 5,7,3',4'-tetramethyl etherquercetin 5,7,3',4'-tetramethyl ether : A tetramethoxyflavone that is the 5,7,3',4'-tetramethy-derivative of quercetin.flavonols;
tetramethoxyflavone
plant metabolite
5,4'-dihydroxy-3,6,7,8,3'-pentamethoxyflavone5,4'-dihydroxy-3,6,7,8,3'-pentamethoxyflavone: a flavonol isolated from Polanisia dodecandra; structure given in first source
5-hydroxy-3,6,7,8,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone5-hydroxy-3,6,7,8,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first sourceether;
flavonoids
docetaxelhydrate;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone
antineoplastic agent
levofloxacinlevofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.

Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.
9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic
antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
3,3',4',5,6,7,8-heptamethoxyflavone3,3',4',5,6,7,8-heptamethoxyflavone: has anti-inflammatory activity; isolated from citrus fruit; exhibit antiadhesive action on plateletsether;
flavonoids
ustiloxin dustiloxin D: an antimitotic cyclic peptide; from false smut balls on rice panicles caused by Ustilaginoidea virens; structure given in first sourceoligopeptide
4'-demethyldesoxypodophyllotoxin4'-demethyldeoxypodophyllotoxin : A member of the class of furonaphthodioxoles that is (5R,5aR,8aR)-5,8,8a,9-tetrahydro-2H-furo[3',4':6,7]naphtho[2,3-d][1,3]dioxol-6(5aH)-one substituted at position 5 by a 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl group.

4'-demethyldesoxypodophyllotoxin: from the root of Bursera tonkinensis Guillaum; structure in first source
furonaphthodioxole;
gamma-lactone;
lignan;
methoxybenzenes;
phenols
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
immunosuppressive agent;
plant metabolite
2-phenyl-4-oxohydroquinoline2-phenyl-4-oxohydroquinoline: structure given in first source
ustiloxin austiloxin A: a modified peptide from the fungus Ustilaginoidea virens or false smut ball; structurally similar to phomopsin A; structure given in first source
vinblastine sulfatealkaloid sulfate salt
vincaleukoblastineacetate ester;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite
gardenin agardenin A: promotes neurite outgrowth; structure in first source
noscapine(-)-noscapine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.

Noscapine: A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.
aromatic ether;
benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
cyclic acetal;
isobenzofuranone;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound
antineoplastic agent;
antitussive;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
3',4',5'-trimethoxyflavone3',4',5'-trimethoxyflavone: structure in first sourceether;
flavonoids
anthricinanthricin: antitumor constituent from Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm; structure in first source

deoxypodophyllotoxin : A member of the class of furonaphthodioxoles that is (5R,5aR,8aR)-5,8,8a,9-tetrahydro-2H-furo[3',4':6,7]naphtho[2,3-d][1,3]dioxol-6(5aH)-one substituted at position 5 by a 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl group.
furonaphthodioxole;
gamma-lactone;
lignan;
methoxybenzenes
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
5-demethylnobiletin5-demethylnobiletin: antineoplastic from Citrus plants; structure in first sourceether;
flavonoids
5,3'-dihydroxy-3,6,7,8,4'-pentamethoxyflavone5,3'-dihydroxy-3,6,7,8,4'-pentamethoxyflavone: an antineoplastic flavonol isolated from Polanisia dodecandra; structure given in first source
epothilone bepothilone;
epoxide
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
microtubule-stabilising agent
chalconetrans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.chalconeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
2-amino-3-cyano-7-(dimethylamino)-4-(3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyphenyl)-4h-chromene2-amino-3-cyano-7-(dimethylamino)-4-(3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyphenyl)-4H-chromene: induces apoptosis; structure in first source
2-[[benzamido(sulfanylidene)methyl]amino]-5,5-dimethyl-4,7-dihydrothieno[2,3-c]pyran-3-carboxylic acidCID1067700: a pan-GTPase inhibitor; structure in first sourcethienopyran
e 7010E 7010: inhibits tubulin polymerization; structure given in first sourcesulfonamide
eupatilineupatilin : A trimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at C-5 and C-7 and methoxy groups at C-6, C-3' and C-4' respectively. Isolated from Citrus reticulata and Salvia tomentosa, it exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer and antineoplastic activities.

eupatilin: isolated from Artemisia argyi
dihydroxyflavone;
trimethoxyflavone
anti-inflammatory agent;
anti-ulcer drug;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
metabolite
ayanin3',5-dihydroxy-3,4',7-trimethoxyflavone : A trimethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4' and 7 have been replaced by methoxy groups.

ayanin: has cytoprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory activities; isolated from Croton schiedeanus (Euphorbiaceae); structure in first source
dihydroxyflavone;
trimethoxyflavone
plant metabolite
morinmorin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.

morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria)
7-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone
angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
santinsantin : A trimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3, 6 and 4' and hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7 respectively.

santin: from Tanacetum microphyllum; structure given in first source
dihydroxyflavone;
trimethoxyflavone
plant metabolite
curacin acuracin A: RN refers to curacin A (the Z,E,E-isomer), the major lipid component of a strain of the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula; structure given in first sourcethiazoles
vinorelbineacetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly;
vinca alkaloid
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
centaureidincentaureidin : A trihydroxyflavone that consists of quercetagetin in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3, 6 and 4' have been replaced by methoxy groups. It has been isolated from Eremophila mitchellii and Athroisma proteiforme.

centaureidin: structure given in first source; isolated from Tanacetum microphyllum, Brickellia veronicaefolia
trihydroxyflavone;
trimethoxyflavone
antineoplastic agent;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
plant metabolite
eupatineupatin : A trimethoxyflavone that is quercetagetin methylated at positions 4', 6 and 7.flavonols;
trihydroxyflavone;
trimethoxyflavone
5,7-dihydroxy-4',6-dimethoxyflavone5,7-dihydroxy-4',6-dimethoxyflavone: from Cirsium japonicum D. C.

pectolinarigenin : A dimethoxyflavone that is the 6,4'-dimethyl ether derivative of scutellarein.
dihydroxyflavone;
dimethoxyflavone
plant metabolite
fosbretabulinstilbenoid
5,7,3'-trihydroxy-3,4'-dimethoxyflavone5,7,3'-trihydroxy-3,4'-dimethoxyflavone: induced cell death in human leukemia cells is dependent on caspases and activates the MAPK pathway; structure in first source

quercetin 3,4'-dimethyl ether : A dimethoxyflavone that is the 3,4'-dimethyl ether derivative of quercetin. Isolated from Combretum quadrangulare, it exhibits antineoplastic activity.
dimethoxyflavone;
trihydroxyflavone
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)ethene
vinblastine sulfate
ternatin (flavonoid)ternatin (flavonoid): from Sceptridium ternatum; also isolated from Egletes viscosa; structure in first sourceether;
flavonoids
cryptophycin 1
pironetinpironetin: a microbial secondary metabolite having the activity of shortening plant height from Streptomyces sp.; structure in first sourcealiphatic alcohol
ave-8063AVE-8063: has both antivascular and antineoplastic activities; structure in first source
dolastatin 10dolastatin 10 : A tetrapeptide that is isolated from the sea hare Dolabella auricularia. It is a potent anticancer agent which inhibits tubulin polymerization.

dolastatin 10: from mollusk Dolabella auricularia; contains four amino acids, dolavaline, dolaisoleucine, dolaproine, valine and the primary amine dolaphenine; deo-dolastatin 10 is a new dolastatin 10 chiral derivative with MW of 784
1,3-thiazoles;
tetrapeptide
animal metabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
marine metabolite;
microtubule-destabilising agent
3-hydroxy-4,3',4',5'-tetramethoxychalcone3-hydroxy-4,3',4',5'-tetramethoxychalcone: structure in first source
nsc 348103
y 27632, dihydrochloride, (4(r)-trans)-isomer
dolastatin 15dolastatin 15: from Dolabella auricularia; seven subunit depsipeptide
arenastatin a
secramine asecramine A: inhibits VSVG transport from the Golgi to the plasma membrane; also inhibits Cdc42-dependent cell functions; structure in first source
zampanolidezampanolide: structure in first source
kx-01
isocombretastatin a-4
2-styrylquinazolin-4(3h)-one2-styrylquinazolin-4(3H)-one: structure given in first source