Target type: molecularfunction
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a diphenol or related substance acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor. [GOC:ai]
Oxidoreductases are enzymes that catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions. These enzymes facilitate the transfer of electrons from a donor molecule (the reductant) to an acceptor molecule (the oxidant). Oxidoreductases acting on diphenols and related substances as donors are a subclass of oxidoreductases that specifically catalyze the oxidation of diphenols and related compounds. Diphenols are organic molecules containing two hydroxyl (-OH) groups attached to an aromatic ring. These enzymes typically use molecular oxygen as the electron acceptor, resulting in the formation of quinones, which are oxidized forms of diphenols. The quinones often serve as intermediates in various metabolic pathways, including the biosynthesis of pigments, hormones, and other bioactive compounds. These oxidoreductases play crucial roles in a variety of biological processes, including:
* **Pigment synthesis:** Many diphenol oxidoreductases are involved in the production of melanin, the pigment responsible for skin, hair, and eye color.
* **Hormone synthesis:** Some diphenol oxidoreductases are involved in the synthesis of hormones like dopamine and epinephrine.
* **Antioxidant defense:** Diphenol oxidoreductases can contribute to antioxidant defense by detoxifying reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during cellular metabolism.
* **Degradation of xenobiotics:** Some diphenol oxidoreductases can metabolize foreign compounds, such as drugs and environmental pollutants.
The specific diphenols and related substances that serve as substrates for these enzymes vary depending on the enzyme and its cellular location. For instance, tyrosinase, a well-characterized diphenol oxidoreductase, uses tyrosine as its substrate and plays a critical role in melanin biosynthesis.
In summary, oxidoreductases acting on diphenols and related substances as donors are essential enzymes involved in a wide range of biological processes, including pigment synthesis, hormone production, antioxidant defense, and xenobiotic metabolism.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Cytochrome P450 1A1 | A cytochrome P450 1A1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P04798] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| melatonin | acetamides; tryptamines | anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger | |
| acetaminophen | Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group. | acetamides; phenols | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| 5-methoxypsoralen | 5-methoxypsoralen : A 5-methoxyfurocoumarin that is psoralen substituted by a methoxy group at position 5. 5-Methoxypsoralen: A linear furanocoumarin that has phototoxic and anti-inflammatory properties, with effects similar to METHOXSALEN. It is used in PUVA THERAPY for the treatment of PSORIASIS. | 5-methoxyfurocoumarin; organic heterotricyclic compound; psoralens | hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite |
| beta-naphthoflavone | beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone. beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308) | extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound | aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist |
| ellipticine | ellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole carrying two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 11. | indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; polycyclic heteroarene | antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite |
| emodin | emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs. Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies. | trihydroxyanthraquinone | antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
| furafylline | oxopurine | ||
| khellin | khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator. Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024) | furanochromone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle | anti-asthmatic agent; bronchodilator agent; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent |
| nisoxetine | nisoxetine : A secondary amino compound that is N-methyl-3-phenylpropan-1-amine substituted at position 3 by a 2-methoxyphenoxy group. nisoxetine: potent inhibitor for norepinephrine uptake into rat brain synaptosomes & brain; NM refers to (+-)-isomer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | aromatic ether; secondary amino compound | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant |
| 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene)selenocyanate | 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene)selenocyanate: structure given in first source; inhibits DMBA-induced carcinogenesis by inhibiting DMBA-DNA adduct formation | ||
| purpurin | purpurin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone derived from anthracene by substitution with oxo groups at C-9 and C-10 and with hydroxy groups at C-1, C-2 and C-4. purpurin: from Rubiaceae plants; structure in first source | trihydroxyanthraquinone | biological pigment; histological dye; plant metabolite |
| 1,3-diphenyl-1-triazene | 1,3-diphenyl-1-triazene: structure in first source | ||
| naphthazarin | naphthazarin : A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 8 are replaced by hydroxy groups. naphthazarin: fish toxin; isolated for first time from the walnut onigurmi, Juglans mandshurica maxim var. Sieboldiana Makino; structure | hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone | acaricide; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; plant metabolite |
| plumbagin | plumbagin : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively. plumbagin: a superoxide anion generator | hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone; phenols | anticoagulant; antineoplastic agent; immunological adjuvant; metabolite |
| alpha-naphthoflavone | alpha-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14). alpha-naphthoflavone: inhibits P4501A1 and P4501A2; stimulates some activities of P4503A4 | extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound | aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor |
| tranylcypromine | (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine. tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine). Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311) | 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine | |
| pyrene | pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system. pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746 | ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene | fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant |
| 4,5'-dimethylangelicin | furanocoumarin | ||
| proadifen hydrochloride | |||
| rutecarpine | rutacarpine: from Evodia rutaecarpa; an ingredient in zhuyu hewei zhitong capsules | beta-carbolines | |
| 2-methoxyestradiol | 2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2. | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid | angiogenesis modulating agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| pinocembrin | pinocembrin : A dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7. A natural product found in Piper sarmentosum and Cryptocarya chartacea. | (2S)-flavan-4-one; dihydroxyflavanone | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; vasodilator agent |
| isopimpinellin | isopimpinellin: from Ruta graveolens & Heracleum lanatum; structure | psoralens | |
| 5-hydroxyflavone | flavones | ||
| 4-methoxyestradiol | 4-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a methoxy group. 4-methoxyestradiol: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; aromatic ether; phenols | estrogen; human metabolite; rat metabolite |
| pirlindole | pirlindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym pyrazidol refers to mono-HCl; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #2812 | carbazoles | |
| hesperetin | 3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; monomethoxyflavanone; trihydroxyflavanone | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite | |
| homoeriodictyol | homoeriodictyol : A trihydroxyflavanone that consists of 3'-methoxyflavanone in which the three hydroxy substituents are located at positions 4', 5, and 7. homoeriodictyol: structure in first source | 3'-methoxyflavanones; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; monomethoxyflavanone; trihydroxyflavanone | flavouring agent; metabolite |
| eupatorin | eupatorin : A trimethoxyflavone that is 6-hydroxyluteolin in which the phenolic hydogens at positions 4', 6 and 7 have been replaced by methyl groups. eupatorin: a flavonoid from the East Asian medicinal plant Orthosiphon spicatus; prevents oxidative inactivation of 15-lipoxygenase; structure given in first source | dihydroxyflavone; polyphenol; trimethoxyflavone | anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; Brassica napus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; P450 inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| phellopterin | phellopterin: a naturally occurring furanocoumarin found in roots of Angelica dahurica; structure in first source | psoralens | |
| karanjin | karanjin: structure given in first source | extended flavonoid | |
| benzyl selenocyanate | benzyl selenocyanate: prevents colon carcinogenesis | ||
| 5-hydroxy-3',4',6,7-tetramethoxyflavone | 5-hydroxy-3',4',6,7-tetramethoxyflavone: isolated from Artemisia argyi | ||
| cirsiliol | cirsiliol : A dimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and hydroxy groups at positions 5, 3' and 4' respectively. cirsiliol: potent inhibitor of arachidonate lipooxygenase | dimethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone | plant metabolite |
| isosakuranetin | 4'-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavanone : A dihydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7 and a methoxy group at position 4' (the 2S stereoisomer). isosakuranetin: structure in first source | (2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; monomethoxyflavanone | plant metabolite |
| naringenin | (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin. | (2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin | expectorant; plant metabolite |
| eriodictyol | eriodictyol : A tetrahydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7, 3' and 4' respectively. eriodictyol: structure | 3'-hydroxyflavanones; tetrahydroxyflavanone | |
| resveratrol | trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration. | resveratrol | antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger |
| cannabidiol | cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4. Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract. | olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols | antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite |
| pongamol | pongamol: from Pongamia pinnata fruits; structure in first source | ||
| uccf-029 | organic heterotricyclic compound; organooxygen compound | ||
| quercetin | 7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone | antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger | |
| formononetin | 4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones | phytoestrogen; plant metabolite | |
| acacetin | 5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone : A monomethoxyflavone that is the 4'-methyl ether derivative of apigenin. | dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone | anticonvulsant; plant metabolite |
| apigenin | Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia. | trihydroxyflavone | antineoplastic agent; metabolite |
| luteolin | 3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone | angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist | |
| chrysoeriol | 4',5,7-trihydroxy-3'-methoxyflavone : The 3'-O-methyl derivative of luteolin. chrysoeriol: isolated from leaves of Eurya japonica & E. emarginata | monomethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite |
| kaempferol | 7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone | antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite | |
| baicalein | trihydroxyflavone | angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger | |
| chrysin | chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7. | 7-hydroxyflavonol; dihydroxyflavone | anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite |
| diosmetin | 3'-hydroxyflavonoid; monomethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone | angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; vasodilator agent | |
| galangin | 5,7-dihydroxyflavonol: antimicrobial from the twigs of Populus nigra x Populus deltoides; structure in first source galangin : A 7-hydroxyflavonol with additional hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 respectively; a growth inhibitor of breast tumor cells. | 7-hydroxyflavonol; trihydroxyflavone | antimicrobial agent; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; plant metabolite |
| genkwanin | genkwanin : A monomethoxyflavone that is apigenin in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is methylated. genkwanin: structure | dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone | metabolite |
| 3-methylquercetin | isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group. | 7-hydroxyflavonol; monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone | anticoagulant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; metabolite |
| kaempferide | kaempferide : A monomethoxyflavone that is the 4'-O-methyl derivative of kaempferol. kaempferide: structure in first source | 7-hydroxyflavonol; monomethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone | antihypertensive agent; metabolite |
| myricetin | 7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; food component; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite | |
| scutellarein | scutellarein : Flavone substituted with hydroxy groups at C-4', -5, -6 and -7. scutellarein: aglycone of scutellarin from Scutellaria baicalensis; carthamidin is 2S isomer of scutellarein; do not confuse with isoscutellarein and/or isocarthamidin which are respective regioisomers, or with the scutelarin protein | tetrahydroxyflavone | metabolite |
| tamarixetin | tamarixetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin methylated at position O-4'. Isolated from Cyperus teneriffae. tamarixetin: isolated from Costsus spicatus | 7-hydroxyflavonol; monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone | antioxidant; metabolite |
| trans-2,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene | trans-2,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: hydroxystilbene oxyresveratrol | stilbenoid | |
| pterostilbene | diether; methoxybenzenes; stilbenol | anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; neurotransmitter; plant metabolite; radical scavenger | |
| 2,4,3',5'-tetramethoxystilbene | 2,4,3',5'-tetramethoxystilbene: potent inhibitor of human cytochrome P450 1B1; an antihypertensive agent; structure in first source | ||
| 3,3',4,5'-tetramethoxy-trans-stilbene | (E)-3,4,3',5'-tetramethoxystilbene: from the leaves of Eugenia rigida; structure in first source | ||
| 3,4',5-trimethoxystilbene | 3,4',5-trimethoxystilbene: structure in first source | ||
| pinostilbene | 3-methoxy-4',5-dihydroxy-trans-stilbene : A stilbenoid that is trans-resveratrol in which one of the meta-hydroxy groups is converted to the corresponding methyl ether. pinostilbene: structure in first source | stilbenol | |
| 3,5-dihydroxy-4'-methoxystilbene | 4'-methoxyresveratrol: has anti-inflammatory effects in cell culture model | ||
| eupatorin-5-methyl ether | eupatorin-5-methyl ether: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source | ||
| pifithrin-alpha | |||
| cannabidivarin | cannabidivarin: from Cannabis sativa | monoterpenoid | |
| 17-dihydroexemestane | |||
| kaf156 | ganaplacide: antimalarial |