Page last updated: 2024-12-07

al-01567

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

alconil: structure given in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	119155
CHEMBL ID	7480
SCHEMBL ID	1201487
MeSH ID	M0133215

Synonyms (20)

Synonym
alconil
97677-19-5
CHEMBL7480 ,
bdbm50009844
2-fluorospiro[9h-fluorene-9,4''-(tetrahydro-1''h-imidazole)]-2'',5''-dione
2-fluorospiro[fluorene-9,5'-imidazolidine]-2',4'-dione
4z2die088u ,
unii-4z2die088u
al 1567
spiro(9h-fluorene-9,4'-imidazolidine)-2',5'-dione, 2-fluoro-
al 01567
spiro(2-fluoro-9h-fluorene-9,4'-imidazolidine)-2',5'-dione
2-fluorospiro(9h-fluorene-9,4'-imidazolidine)-2',5'-dione
alo-1567
al-1567
SCHEMBL1201487
DTXSID60913743
2-fluorospiro[fluorene-9,4'-imidazole]-2',5'-diol
Q27260694
AKOS040750304

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL) is a toxic metabolite formed by the oxidative deamination of dopamine."	( 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde potentiates the toxic effects of metabolic stress in PC12 cells. Eisenhofer, G; Harvey-White, J; Kirk, K; Kopin, IJ; Lamensdorf, I; Nechustan, A, 2000)	0.31

Pharmacokinetics

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Plasma drug concentrations were measured by HPLC or liquid scintillation spectrometry and various pharmacokinetic parameters (clearance, CL; Vd, volume of distribution; and t1/2) were calculated from the data."	( Interspecies comparison of the pharmacokinetics of aldose reductase inhibitors. Barker, R; Brazzell, RK; Couch, R; McCue, B; Park, YH; Wooldridge, CB; York, B, )	0.13

Dosage Studied

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The three ARIs (AL01567, AL01576, and AL01750) were administered intravenously as a single dose to all species except rat, which was dosed orally with AL01750, and man, who was dosed orally with AL01567 and AL01576."	( Interspecies comparison of the pharmacokinetics of aldose reductase inhibitors. Barker, R; Brazzell, RK; Couch, R; McCue, B; Park, YH; Wooldridge, CB; York, B, )	0.13
"Two new potent aldose reductase inhibitors, AL-1567 (DL-spiro(2-fluoro-9H-fluoren-9,4'-imidazolidine)-2',5'-dione) and AL-1576 (spiro-(2,7-difluoro-9H-fluoren-9,4'-imidazolidine)2',5'-dione), have been characterized with respect to in vitro activity toward rat lens and human placental aldose reductase and in vivo activity in uncontrolled, severely diabetic rats dosed acutely with the compounds."	( Effects of two new aldose reductase inhibitors, AL-1567 and AL-1576, in diabetic rats. Chandler, ML; Griffin, BW; McNatt, LG; York, BM, 1987)	0.27

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein Targets (2)

Inhibition Measurements

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.3000	0.0004	1.8773	10.0000	AID34964
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1	Sus scrofa (pig)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0270	0.0005	1.6680	4.0000	AID34179
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (3)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID34964	Inhibitory activity measured against rat lens aldose reductase using 3-pyridinecarboxaldehyde as substrate	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 34, Issue:3	A highly specific aldose reductase inhibitor, ethyl 1-benzyl-3-hydroxy-2(5H)-oxopyrrole-4-carboxylate, and its congeners.
AID232953	Inhibitory activity measured against pig kidney aldehyde reductase using 3-pyridinecarboxaldehyde as substrate	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 34, Issue:3	A highly specific aldose reductase inhibitor, ethyl 1-benzyl-3-hydroxy-2(5H)-oxopyrrole-4-carboxylate, and its congeners.
AID34179	Selectivity ratio measured as the IC50 ratio of aldehyde/aldose reductase values	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 34, Issue:3	A highly specific aldose reductase inhibitor, ethyl 1-benzyl-3-hydroxy-2(5H)-oxopyrrole-4-carboxylate, and its congeners.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (12)

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	7 (58.33)	18.7374
1990's	1 (8.33)	18.2507
2000's	2 (16.67)	29.6817
2010's	2 (16.67)	24.3611
2020's	0 (0.00)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 11.92

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be weak demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

Metric	This Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index	11.92 (24.57)
Research Supply Index	2.64 (2.92)
Research Growth Index	4.56 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index	0.00 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index	0.00 (0.95)

This Compound (11.92)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	1 (7.69%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	12 (92.31%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
benzyl alcohol Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.	1.96	1	benzyl alcohols	antioxidant; fragrance; metabolite; solvent
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	2	1	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	1.97	1	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
ponalrestat [no description available]	3.47	2	phthalazines
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	3.76	3	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	2.15	1	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	3.06	1	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	2	1	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	2	1	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	4.87	11	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	3.06	1	thiazolidine
galactitol [no description available]	1.97	1	hexitol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	2	1	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
tolrestat tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source	3.47	2	naphthalenes	EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
imirestat imirestat: structure given in first source	2.37	2
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol: serotonin metabolite; structure	2	1	catechols; primary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
m 79175 M 79175: structure given in first source	3.06	1
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde : A phenylacetaldehyde in which the 3 and 4 positions of the phenyl group are substituted by hydroxy groups.	2	1	alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde; catechols; phenylacetaldehydes	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	1.97	1	D-xylose
sorbinil sorbinil: aldose reductase inhibitor. sorbinil : An azaspiro compound having a monofluoro-substituted chromane skeleton spiro-linked to an imidazolidinedione ring.	3.47	2	azaspiro compound; chromanes; imidazolidinone; organofluorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
imidazolidines [no description available]	3.06	1	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
rhodanine 2-mercaptothiazolinone: metabolite in urine from persons exposed to CS2; structure	3.06	1	thiazolidinone
epalrestat epalrestat : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy.	3.47	2	monocarboxylic acid; thiazolidines	EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
nadp [no description available]	2.37	2
3-acetylpyridine-adenine dinucleotide phosphate [no description available]	1.96	1
daidzein [no description available]	2	1	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	1.97	1	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alx 1393 ALX 1393: a GlyT2 inhibitor	2.15	1
valproate sodium Epilim: oral sodium valproate used as antidepressive agent. sodium valproate : The sodium salt of valproic acid.. valproate : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of valproic acid.	1.97	1	organic sodium salt	geroprotector
ethyl 1-benzyl-3-hydroxy-2(5h)-oxopyrrole-4-carboxylate ethyl 1-benzyl-3-hydroxy-2(5H)-oxopyrrole-4-carboxylate: RN & structure given in first source	1.97	1	carboxylic acid; pyrroline

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	2.66	3
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	2.15	1
Breast Cancer [description not available]	2.15	1
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	2.15	1
Facies The appearance of the face that is often characteristic of a disease or pathological condition, as the elfin facies of WILLIAMS SYNDROME or the mongoloid facies of DOWN SYNDROME. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	2.11	1
Chondrodystrophic Myotonia [description not available]	2.11	1
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	2.01	1
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	2.01	1
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	2.01	1
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	2	1
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	2	1
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	3.57	3
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	1.96	1
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.57	3
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	1.96	1
Classic Galactosemia [description not available]	1.97	1
Galactosemias A group of inherited enzyme deficiencies which feature elevations of GALACTOSE in the blood. This condition may be associated with deficiencies of GALACTOKINASE; UDPGLUCOSE-HEXOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; or UDPGLUCOSE 4-EPIMERASE. The classic form is caused by UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase deficiency, and presents in infancy with FAILURE TO THRIVE; VOMITING; and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Affected individuals also may develop MENTAL RETARDATION; JAUNDICE; hepatosplenomegaly; ovarian failure (PRIMARY OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY); and cataracts. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp61-3)	1.97	1
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	2.88	1
Corneal Diseases Diseases of the cornea.	2.88	1
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.88	1
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	2.88	1
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	2.88	1
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	2.88	1
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	2.88	1
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	2.88	1
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	2.88	1
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	2.88	1

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