Page last updated: 2024-10-24

epithelial cell apoptotic process

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any apoptotic process in an epithelial cell. [GO_REF:0000085, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:19137015]

Epithelial cell apoptosis is a tightly regulated process that plays a crucial role in maintaining tissue homeostasis. It involves a series of molecular events that culminate in the programmed death of epithelial cells. This process is essential for removing damaged, infected, or superfluous cells, thereby preventing the accumulation of abnormal cells and ensuring proper tissue function.

The process of epithelial cell apoptosis can be broadly divided into three main stages:

1. **Initiation:** This stage is triggered by various intrinsic or extrinsic signals. Intrinsic signals arise from within the cell, such as DNA damage, oxidative stress, or nutrient deprivation. Extrinsic signals come from outside the cell, such as the activation of death receptors by ligands like TNF-α. These signals activate a cascade of intracellular signaling pathways that ultimately lead to the activation of caspases, a family of cysteine proteases that are key players in the apoptotic process.

2. **Execution:** Once activated, caspases initiate a cascade of enzymatic events that dismantle the cell in a controlled manner. These events include:

- Cleavage of key cellular proteins: Caspases cleave proteins involved in DNA repair, cell cycle regulation, and cytoskeletal integrity.
- Activation of DNases: Caspases activate DNases that degrade the cell's DNA.
- Fragmentation of the cell: The cytoskeleton breaks down, and the cell shrinks and detaches from neighboring cells.
- Formation of apoptotic bodies: The cell fragments into membrane-bound apoptotic bodies, which are then engulfed by neighboring cells or phagocytes.

3. **Phagocytosis:** The apoptotic bodies are quickly removed by phagocytic cells, preventing the release of cellular contents that could trigger inflammation. This efficient removal of apoptotic cells is essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis.

Specific mechanisms of epithelial cell apoptosis can vary depending on the context and the type of epithelial cell. For example, epithelial cells in the skin undergo apoptosis as part of normal skin renewal, while epithelial cells in the gut undergo apoptosis in response to infection or inflammation.

Dysregulation of epithelial cell apoptosis can contribute to various diseases, including cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and autoimmune disorders. Understanding the intricate mechanisms of epithelial cell apoptosis is crucial for developing therapies that can target this process to treat these diseases.'
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Proteins (5)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Apoptosis regulator BAX An apoptosis regulator BAX that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:SY, UniProtKB:Q07812]Homo sapiens (human)
Caspase-9A caspase-9 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P55211]Homo sapiens (human)
Caspase-3A caspase-3 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:JAN, UniProtKB:P42574]Homo sapiens (human)
Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2An apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P10415]Homo sapiens (human)
Annexin A2An annexin A2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P07355]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (62)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
3-hydroxyanthranilic acid3-hydroxyanthranilate : A hydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid.

3-hydroxyanthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted at C-2 by an amine group and at C-3 by a hydroxy group. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan.

3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid: An oxidation product of tryptophan metabolism. It may be a free radical scavenger and a carcinogen.
aminobenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
catechinhydroxyflavan
chlorcyclizinechlorcyclizine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); CHLOROCYCLIZINE & HISTACHLORAZINE were see CHLORCYCLIZINE 1977-94; use PIPERAZINES to search CHLORCYCLIZINE 1966-94; histamine H1-blocker used both orally and topically in allergies and also for the prevention of motion sicknessdiarylmethane
4-biphenylylacetic acidbiphenyl-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is substituted by a biphenyl-4-yl group. An active metabolite of fenbufen, it is used as a topical medicine to treat muscle inflammation and arthritis.biphenyls;
monocarboxylic acid
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fenbufenfenbufen: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd4-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
biphenyls
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gossypolGossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.
ibuprofenMidol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeinemonocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
indoprofenindoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(1-oxo-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)phenyl group. Initially used as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic, it was withdrawn from the market due to causing severe gastrointestinal bleeding. It has been subsequently found to increase production of the survival motor neuron protein.

Indoprofen: A drug that has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Following reports of adverse reactions including reports of carcinogenicity in animal studies it was withdrawn from the market worldwide. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p21)
gamma-lactam;
isoindoles;
monocarboxylic acid
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketoprofenketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.

Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid
antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketorolac5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.

ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.

Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)
amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate
analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
vorinostatvorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).

Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.
dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
tiaprofenic acidtiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.

tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes
drug allergen;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
alizarindihydroxyanthraquinonechromophore;
dye;
plant metabolite
isoquinoline-1,3,4-trioneisoquinoline-1,3,4-trione: structure in first source
n-methylisatinN-methylisatin: structure given in first source
1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one: a preservative in water-based solutions such as paints, cutting fluids, printing inks, cleaning agents, polyvinyl chloride gloves, etc.

benzo[d]isothiazol-3-one : An organic heterobicyclic compound based on a fused 1,2-thiazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton, with the S atom positioned adjacent to one of the positions of ring fusion.
organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
disinfectant;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sensitiser;
xenobiotic
paclitaxelTaxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid
antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposidebeta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
epigallocatechin gallate(-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.

epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis)
flavans;
gallate ester;
polyphenol
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1-naphthol5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1-naphthol : 1-naphthol hydrogenated at C-5, -6, -7 and -8.tetralins
epicatechin(-)-epicatechin : A catechin with (2R,3R)-configuration.catechin;
polyphenol
antioxidant
gallocatechol(-)-epigallocatechin : A flavan-3,3',4',5,5',7-hexol having (2R,3R)-configuration.catechin;
flavan-3,3',4',5,5',7-hexol
antioxidant;
food component;
plant metabolite
chelerythrine chloride
1-benzylpiperazine1-benzylpiperazine : A tertiary amino compound that is piperazine substituted by a benzyl group at position 1. It is a serotonergic agonist used as a recreational drug.

1-benzylpiperazine: possesses psychomotor stimulant activity similar to dextroamphetamine; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure
N-alkylpiperazineenvironmental contaminant;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
epicatechin gallate(-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of epicatechin. A natural product found in Parapiptadenia rigida.

epicatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor; RN given refers to the (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; isolated from green tea
catechin;
gallate ester;
polyphenol
EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
metabolite
pralnacasanpralnacasan: NSAID, ICE inhibitor & metastasis inhibitor; RN & structure in first source
naproxennaproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.

Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.
methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
2-phenyl-1,2-benzisothiazol-3-(2h)-one2-phenyl-1,2-benzisothiazol-3-(2H)-one: structure given in first source; sulfur analog of ebselen
(R)-Roemerineisoquinoline alkaloid
blastmycinblastmycin: structureamidobenzoic acid
1,3(2h,4h)-isoquinolinedione1,3(2H,4H)-isoquinolinedione: structure in first source
apogossypolapogossypol: structure in first source
acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartalAc-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-H : A tetrapeptide consisting of two L-aspartic acid residues, an L-glutamyl residue and an L-valine residue with an acetyl group at the N-terminal and with the C-terminal carboxy group reduced to an aldehyde. It is an inhibitor of caspase-3/7.

acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal: a capase inhibitor
tetrapeptideprotease inhibitor
N-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-2-[[5-[[(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)thio]methyl]-4-(2-furanylmethyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]thio]acetamideanilide
1,6-dimethyl-3-(2-pyridinyl)pyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazine-5,7-dionepyrimidotriazine
umi-77UMI-77: an Mcl-1 inhibitor; structure in first source
4-(4-ethoxycarbonylanilino)-2-quinazolinecarboxylic acid ethyl esterquinazolines
thioguanine anhydrousThioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.

tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.
2-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
1,6-dimethyl-3-propylpyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazine-5,7-dionepyrimidotriazine
5-Nitroisatinindolesanticoronaviral agent
n-acetyltyrosyl-valyl-alanyl-aspartyl aldehyde
benzyloxycarbonyl-phe-ala-fluormethylketonecathepsin B inhibitor : A cysteine protease inhibitor which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1).
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone
ixabepilone1,3-thiazoles;
beta-hydroxy ketone;
epoxide;
lactam;
macrocycle
antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
acetic acid 2-[4-methyl-8-(4-morpholinylsulfonyl)-1,3-dioxo-2-pyrrolo[3,4-c]quinolinyl]ethyl esterpyrroloquinoline
abt-737aromatic amine;
aryl sulfide;
biphenyls;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound
anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
nutlin-3anutlin 3: an MDM2 antagonist; structure in first sourcestilbenoid
N-[4-(2-tert-butylphenyl)sulfonylphenyl]-2,3,4-trihydroxy-5-[(2-propan-2-ylphenyl)methyl]benzamidebenzamides
MI-63MI-63 : An azaspiro compound resulting from the formal fusion of position 3 of 6-chloro-oxindole with position 3 of (2R,3SS5S)-3-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-(2,2-dimethylpropyl)-N-[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide. It is a potent inhibitor of the MDM2-p53 interaction.azaspiro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
oxindoles;
pyrrolidines;
secondary carboxamide
apoptosis inducer
pf 03491390
navitoclaxaryl sulfide;
monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
piperazines;
secondary amino compound;
sulfone;
tertiary amino compound
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
grassystatin agrassystatin A: isolated from a cyanobacterium, identified as Lyngbya cf.; structure in first source
abt-199venetoclax : A member of the class of pyrrolopyridines that is a potent inhibitor of the antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2. It is used for treamtment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with 17p deletion.

venetoclax: A BCL-2 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity that is used in the treatment of CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA associated with chromosome 17p deletion; structure in first source.
aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
oxanes;
pyrrolopyridine
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
nvp-cgm097NVP-CGM097: an MDM2 and HDM2 inhibitor; structure in first source
jy-1-106JY-1-106: a BH3 alpha-helix mimetic that functions as a pan-Bcl-2 inhibitor; structure in first source
MK-8353MK-8353 : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole substituted by a 6-(propan-2-yloxy)pyridin-3-yl group at position 3 and by a {[(3S)-3-(methylsulfanyl)-1-(2-{4-[4-(1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)phenyl]-3,6-dihydropyridin-1(2H)-yl}-2-oxoethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]carbonyl}amino group at position 5. It is a potent and selective inhibitor of ERK1 and ERK2 in vitro (IC50 values of 23.0 nM and 8.8 nM, respectively). The drug is being developed by Merck Sharp & Dohme and is currently in clinical development for the treatment of advanced/metastatic solid tumors.

MK-8353: ERK inhibitor used in oncology
aromatic ether;
dihydropyridine;
indazoles;
methyl sulfide;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide;
triazoles
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
a-1155463A-1155463: a Bcl-X(L) inhibitor; structure in first source
bm-1197BM-1197: inhibits both Bcl-xL and Bcl-2; has antineoplastic activity
a-1331852A-1331852: a Bcl-X(L) inhibitor; structure in first source
BDA-366BDA-366 : A member of the class of anthraquinone that is 1,4-diamino-9,10-anthraquinone in which the two amino groups are carrying 3-(diethylamino)-2-hydroxypropyl and (oxiran-2-yl)methyl substituents. It exhibits anti-cancer properties.

BDA-366: has antineoplastic activity; binds Bcl-2 protein; structure in first source
anthraquinone;
epoxide;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
2-carboxyarabinitol 1-phosphate
apogossypoloneapogossypolone: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source