monascin profile

monascin: a pigment isolated from Monascus pilosus fermented rice; has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

monascin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 3a,4,8,9a-tetrahydro-2H-furo[3,2-g][2]benzopyran-2,9(3H)-dione that is substituted at positions 3, 6, and 9a by hexanoyl, (1E)-prop-1-en-1-yl and methyl groups, respectively (the 3S,3aR,9aR diastereoisomer). One of the azaphilonoid pigments in extracts of Monascus pilosus-fermented rice (red-mould rice), it is a potent inhibitor of carcinogenesis measured against chemical- or UV-initiated, phorbol-promoted mouse skin tumours. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	12118082
CHEMBL ID	1215463
CHEBI ID	82621
SCHEMBL ID	13100009
MeSH ID	M0507570

Synonym
monascoflavin
monascin
CHEMBL1215463
chebi:82621 ,
w74d2m37fx ,
ccris 9138
21516-68-7
unii-w74d2m37fx
(3s,3ar,9ar)-3-hexanoyl-9a-methyl-6-[(1e)-prop-1-en-1-yl]-3a,4,8,9a-tetrahydro-2h-furo[3,2-g][2]benzopyran-2,9(3h)-dione
SCHEMBL13100009
(3s,3ar,9ar)-3a,4,8,9a-tetrahydro-9a-methyl-3-(1-oxohexyl)-6-(1e)-1-propen-1-yl-2h-furo(3,2-g)(2)benzopyran-2,9(3h)-dione
2h-furo(3,2-g)(2)benzopyran-2,9(3h)-dione, 3a,4,8,9a-tetrahydro-9a-methyl-3-(1-oxohexyl)-6-(1e)-1-propen-1-yl-, (3s,3ar,9ar)-
monascoflavine
monascin [mi]
monascin, >=97.0% (hplc)
AKOS037515362
Q27156138
(3s,3ar,9ar)-3-hexanoyl-9a-methyl-6-((e)-prop-1-en-1-yl)-3a,4,8,9a-tetrahydro-2h-furo[3,2-g]isochromene-2,9(3h)-dione
HY-N6641
CS-0062869
(3s,3ar,9ar)-3-hexanoyl-9a-methyl-6-[(e)-prop-1-enyl]-3,3a,4,8-tetrahydrofuro[3,2-g]isochromene-2,9-dione
DTXSID50944127
XM161521

Research Excerpts

Overview

Monascin is an azaphilonoid pigment extracted from Monascus-fermented rice with a potential anti-inflammatory effect reported in various preclinical studies. Monascin acts as a novel natural Nrf2 activator with PPARγ-agonist activity.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Monascin (MS) is a yellow lipid-soluble azaphilonoid pigment identified from Monascus-fermented products with promising biological activities. "	( Molecular insight on the binding of monascin to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and its effect on antioxidant characteristics of monascin. Bao, Y; Chen, M; Guo, Q; Li, Z; Liu, H; Peng, X; Wang, C; Wang, X; Wu, S; Zhang, C, 2020)	2.28
"Monascin is an azaphilonoid pigment extracted from Monascus-fermented rice with a potential anti-inflammatory effect reported in various preclinical studies."	( Monascin inhibits IL-1β induced catabolism in mouse chondrocytes and ameliorates murine osteoarthritis. Chen, T; Li, X; Tang, Q; Tian, N; Wang, H; Wang, J; Wang, X; Wu, D; Wu, Y; Xu, H; Zhan, Y; Zhang, X; Zheng, F; Zheng, G; Zhou, Y, 2018)	2.64
"Monascin (MS) is a yellow compound isolated from Monascus-fermented products that has pancreatic protective, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and hypolipidemic activity. "	( Monascin improves diabetes and dyslipidemia by regulating PPARγ and inhibiting lipogenesis in fructose-rich diet-induced C57BL/6 mice. Chang, YY; Hsu, WH; Hsu, YW; Huang, T; Lee, BH; Pan, TM, 2013)	3.28
"Monascin acts as a novel natural Nrf2 activator with PPARγ-agonist activity were confirmed by Nrf2 and PPARγ reporter assays in Hep G2 cells."	( A novel natural Nrf2 activator with PPARγ-agonist (monascin) attenuates the toxicity of methylglyoxal and hyperglycemia. Chang, YY; Hsu, WH; Hsu, YW; Lee, BH; Pan, TM, 2013)	1.36
"Monascin (MS) is a novel compound proposed for antioxidative stress applications and is derived from an edible fungus secondary metabolite."	( Monascin from Monascus-Fermented Products Reduces Oxidative Stress and Amyloid-β Toxicity via DAF-16/FOXO in Caenorhabditis elegans. Liao, VH; Pan, TM; Shi, YC, 2016)	2.6
"Monascin is a major yellow compound from red mold dioscorea. "	( Monascin from red mold dioscorea as a novel antidiabetic and antioxidative stress agent in rats and Caenorhabditis elegans. Liao, VH; Pan, TM; Shi, YC, 2012)	3.26

Effects

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Monascin has been shown to prevent or ameliorate several conditions, including hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and obesity."	( A novel PPARgamma agonist monascin's potential application in diabetes prevention. Hsu, WH; Pan, TM, 2014)	1.42

Treatment

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Monascin-treated rats showed higher serum insulin level, lower reactive oxygen species production, and higher activities of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase in the pancreas compared to diabetic control rats."	( Monascin from red mold dioscorea as a novel antidiabetic and antioxidative stress agent in rats and Caenorhabditis elegans. Liao, VH; Pan, TM; Shi, YC, 2012)	2.54

Toxicity

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Monacolin K also serves as a well-known hypolipidemic medication, but its side effect myopathy is a concern."	( Monascin and ankaflavin have more anti-atherosclerosis effect and less side effect involving increasing creatinine phosphokinase activity than monacolin K under the same dosages. Hsu, YW; Hung, YP; Lee, CL; Pan, TM, 2013)	1.83

Dosage Studied

The high dosage of monascin significantly improved neurological deficits, reduced the volume of hematoma in 1-7days after ICH, decreased BBB permeability and edema formation.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"The high dosage of monascin significantly improved neurological deficits, reduced the volume of hematoma in 1-7days after ICH, decreased BBB permeability and edema formation in 1-3days following ICH."	( The effect of monascin on hematoma clearance and edema after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. Dong, L; Duan, S; Li, T; Sun, XG; Wang, G; Wang, J; Xu, Y; Yi, J, 2017)	1.14
"Our study demonstrated that the high dosage of monascin played a neuroprotective role in ICH through reducing BBB permeability, edema and hematoma volume."	( The effect of monascin on hematoma clearance and edema after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. Dong, L; Duan, S; Li, T; Sun, XG; Wang, G; Wang, J; Xu, Y; Yi, J, 2017)	1.07

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Role	Description
antineoplastic agent	A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.
PPARgamma agonist	A PPAR modulator which activates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma.
antilipemic drug	A substance used to treat hyperlipidemia (an excess of lipids in the blood).
fungal metabolite	Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in fungi, the kingdom that includes microorganisms such as the yeasts and moulds.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
organic heterotricyclic compound	An organic tricyclic compound in which at least one of the rings of the tricyclic skeleton contains one or more heteroatoms.
gamma-lactone	A lactone having a five-membered lactone ring.
alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone	A ketone of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)R(4) (R(4) =/= H) or R(1)C#C-C(=O)R(2) (R(2) =/= H) in which the ketonic C=O function is conjugated to an unsaturated C-C bond at the alpha,beta position.
polyketide	Natural and synthetic compounds containing alternating carbonyl and methylene groups ('beta-polyketones'), biogenetically derived from repeated condensation of acetyl coenzyme A (via malonyl coenzyme A), and usually the compounds derived from them by further condensations, etc. Considered by many to be synonymous with the less frequently used terms acetogenins and ketides.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID499309	Antiproliferative activity against human JR8 cells after 72 hrs	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 18, Issue:16	Natural and semisynthetic azaphilones as a new scaffold for Hsp90 inhibitors.
AID499308	Antiproliferative activity against human A431 cells after 72 hrs	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 18, Issue:16	Natural and semisynthetic azaphilones as a new scaffold for Hsp90 inhibitors.
AID499312	Binding affinity to HSP90 after 4 hrs by fluorescence polarization assay	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 18, Issue:16	Natural and semisynthetic azaphilones as a new scaffold for Hsp90 inhibitors.
AID499311	Inhibition of yeast full-length recombinant HSP90 ATPase activity expressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) assessed as inorganic phosphate release after 3 hrs	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 18, Issue:16	Natural and semisynthetic azaphilones as a new scaffold for Hsp90 inhibitors.
AID499307	Antiproliferative activity against human NCI-H460 cells after 72 hrs	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 18, Issue:16	Natural and semisynthetic azaphilones as a new scaffold for Hsp90 inhibitors.
AID499310	Antiproliferative activity against human IGROV1 cells after 72 hrs	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 18, Issue:16	Natural and semisynthetic azaphilones as a new scaffold for Hsp90 inhibitors.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	1 (2.13)	29.6817
2010's	38 (80.85)	24.3611
2020's	8 (17.02)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	3 (6.25%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	45 (93.75%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	2.78	3	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.	2.05	1	4-nitrophenols	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	7.08	1	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allyl isothiocyanate allyl isothiocyanate: used in the manufacture of flavors, war gases; medical use as a counterirritant; structure. allyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate with the formula CH2=CHCH2N=C=S. A colorless oil with boiling point 152degreeC, it is responsible for the pungent taste of mustard, horseradish, and wasabi.	2.08	1	alkenyl isothiocyanate; isothiocyanate	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; lachrymator; metabolite
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	7.25	1	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	2.06	1	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.	2.06	1	benzoxadiazole; C-nitro compound; organochlorine compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor; fluorescent probe; fluorochrome
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	5.04	6	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
rosiglitazone [no description available]	7.08	1	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
diosgenin [no description available]	2.06	1	3beta-sterol; hexacyclic triterpenoid; sapogenin; spiroketal	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; metabolite
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	2.06	1
n(6)-carboxymethyllysine N(6)-carboxymethyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source. N(6)-carboxymethyl-L-lysine : An L-lysine derivative with a carboxymethyl substituent at the N(6)-position.	2.08	1	L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antigen
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	2.13	1
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	2.08	1
ergosterol [no description available]	2.51	2	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	2.58	2	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	3	1	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	2.52	2
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	2.05	1
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	2.07	1
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	2.17	1	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
geldanamycin [no description available]	2.05	1	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; cysteine protease inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor
monorden monorden: inhibits HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins, DNA topoisomerase VI and human Topoisomerase II	2.05	1	cyclic ketone; enone; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antifungal agent; metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tanespimycin CP 127374: analog of herbimycin A	2.05	1	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; Hsp90 inhibitor
rubropunctatin rubropunctatin: an antineoplastic pigment isolated from Monascus; structure in first source	2.13	1
2-(n-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose 2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose: fluorescent probe for glucose uptake activity in E coli; structure given in first source	2.06	1
monascorubrin monascorubrin: isolated from Monascus species	2.49	2	azaphilone; enone; gamma-lactone; polyketide; triketone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; food colouring; fungal metabolite; Hsp90 inhibitor
ankaflavin ankaflavin: from Monascus-fermented red rice; structure in first source	8.61	26
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	2.07	1
citrinin Citrinin: Antibiotic and mycotoxin from Aspergillus niveus and Penicillium citrinum.	2.13	1
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	2.06	1
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	2.58	2
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	2.05	1
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	2.17	1	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	2.05	1
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	2.05	1
Alcoholic Liver Diseases [description not available]	2.63	2
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.	2.63	2
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	2.25	1
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	3.05	4
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	2.25	1
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	2.25	1
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	2.25	1
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	2.25	1
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	2.25	1
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	3.06	1
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	8.06	1
Brain Swelling [description not available]	2.15	1
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	2.15	1
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	2.15	1
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	7.15	1
Hematoma A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.	7.15	1
Breast Cancer [description not available]	2.58	2
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	2.17	1
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	2.58	2
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	2.17	1
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	7.17	1
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	8	1
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	4.61	3
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	3	1
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	2.51	2
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	2.51	2
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	2.49	2
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	2.49	2
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	8.4	2
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	2.48	2
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	7.48	2
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	2.1	1
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	2.1	1
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	2.1	1
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	2.1	1
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	2.1	1
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	2.1	1
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	2.11	1
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	2.11	1
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	3.09	1
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	3.09	1
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	3.09	1
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	2.13	1
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	2.13	1
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	2.06	1
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	2.06	1
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	2.07	1
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	2.07	1
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	2.07	1
Atherogenesis [description not available]	3	1
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	8	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	2.08	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	2.08	1
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	2.02	1
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	2.02	1

monascin

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (23)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Treatment

Toxicity

Dosage Studied

Roles (4)

Drug Classes (4)

Bioassays (6)

Research

Studies (47)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 24.43

Study Types

monascin

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (23)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Treatment

Toxicity

Dosage Studied

Roles (4)

Drug Classes (4)

Bioassays (6)

Research

Studies (47)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 24.43

Study Types

Related Drugs (34)

Related Conditions (57)