cefquinome and Respiratory-Tract-Infections

The purpose of the present clinical studies was to determine the clinical efficacy of a combined parenteral and oral treatment with Bisolvon in combination with antibiotics in bovines suffering from acute respiratory disease. To this end four trials were conducted in respiratory diseased bovines; a total of 619 animals were evaluated. The animals were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups within each study and were treated either with enrofloxacin, cefquinome, ceftiofur or florfenicol. The Bisolvon group was additionally treated with Bisolvon over 5 consecutive days. Daily clinical examinations were carried out over a period of 6 days. The clinical respiratory score, the primary parameter, representing a summation of the scoring points for the parameters respiratory rate, nasal discharge, spontaneous coughing, lung sounds and grade of dyspnoea and the clinical index score, which additionally included the general parameters fever, demeanour and feed intake, were significantly lower in the Bisolvon groups compared to the controls at all examinations after initiation of therapy in all trials with the exception of day 2 in one study. Lower values correspond to a less severe clinical condition. This consistent result as well as the evaluation of the single parameters are indicative of an acceleration of the recovery of the animals additionally treated with Bisolvon.

Topics: Acute Disease; Administration, Oral; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Bromhexine; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cephalosporins; Drug Therapy, Combination; Enrofloxacin; Fluoroquinolones; Injections; Quinolones; Respiratory Tract Infections; Thiamphenicol

Cefquinome is widely used to treat respiratory tract diseases of swine. While extra-label dosages of cefquinome could improve clinical efficacy, they might lead to excessively high residues in animal-derived food. In this study, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was calibrated based on the published data and a microdialysis experiment to assess the dosage efficiency and food safety. For the microdialysis experiment, in vitro/in vivo relative recovery and concentration-time curves of cefquinome in the lung interstitium were investigated. This PBPK model is available to predict the drug concentrations in the muscle, kidney, liver, plasma, and lung interstitial fluid. Concentration-time curves of 1000 virtual animals in different tissues were simulated by applying sensitivity and Monte Carlo analyses. By integrating pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic target parameters, cefquinome delivered at 3-5 mg/kg twice daily is advised for the effective control of respiratory tract infections of nursery pig, which the bodyweight is around 25 kg. Based on the predicted cefquinome concentrations in edible tissues, the withdrawal interval is 2 and 3 days for label and the extra-label doses, respectively. This study provides a useful tool to optimize the dosage regimen of cefquinome against respiratory tract infections and predicts the concentration of cefquinome residues in edible tissues. This information would be helpful to improve the food safety and guide rational drug usage.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalosporins; Kidney; Liver; Respiratory Tract Infections; Swine

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), mainly of the CTX-M family, have been associated with Escherichia coli strains of animal origin in Europe. An in vivo experiment was performed to study the effects of veterinary beta-lactam drugs on the selection and persistence of ESBL-producing E. coli in the intestinal flora of pigs. Twenty pigs were randomly allocated into three treatment groups and one control group. All pigs were inoculated intragastrically with 10(10) CFU of a nalidixic acid (NAL)-resistant mutant derived from a CTX-M-1-producing E. coli strain of pig origin. Treatment with amoxicillin, ceftiofur, or cefquinome according to the instructions on the product label was initiated immediately after bacterial inoculation. Feces were collected from the rectum before inoculation and on days 4, 8, 15, 22, and 25 after the start of treatment. The total and resistant coliforms were counted on MacConkey agar with and without cefotaxime (CTX). Furthermore, MacConkey agar with CTX and NAL was used to count the number of CFU of the inoculated strain. Significantly higher counts of CTX-resistant coliforms were observed in the three treatment groups than in the control group for up to 22 days after the discontinuation of treatment. Ceftiofur and cefquinome exerted larger selective effects than amoxicillin, and the effects persisted beyond the withdrawal times recommended for these cephalosporins. The inoculated strain was detected in only nine animals on day 25. The increase in the number of CTX-resistant coliforms was mainly due to the proliferation of indigenous CTX-M-producing strains and the possible emergence of strains that acquired CTX-M genes by horizontal transfer. The study provides evidence that the cephalosporins used in pig production select for CTX-M-producing E. coli strains. Their use in animals should be carefully considered in view of the critical importance of cephalosporins and the zoonotic potential of ESBL-producing bacteria.

Topics: Amoxicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactam Resistance; beta-Lactamases; Cephalosporins; Colony Count, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Female; Genes, Bacterial; Intestines; Mutation; Nalidixic Acid; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sus scrofa; Swine Diseases