cefquinome and Swine-Diseases

Four-hundred and forty-two F4+ pathogenic Escherichia coli were isolated in a period of 10 years (2002-2011), from pigs that were suffering from diarrhoea belonging to Italian swine herds. The strains were analysed for their susceptibility to 12 antimicrobials using the disc diffusion method. During the study period, a statistically significant proportion of isolates resistant to enrofloxacin (14.5-89.3%), marbofloxacin (5.4-60.7%), flumequine (49.1-92.9%), danofloxacin (21.6-80%), florfenicol (9.8-64.3%), thiamphenicol (50-92%) and cefquinome (3.8-44%) was recorded. An increase in resistance (not statistically significant) to gentamicin (63.6-85.7%), apramycin (61.8-82.1%), trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (75-89.3%), tetracycline (97-100%) and erythromycin (92.4-100%) was also observed. Based on antimicrobial multiresistance, the strains were collected into three groups: I. resistant to 2-5 antimicrobials; II. resistant to 6-8 antimicrobials; III. resistant to 9-12 antimicrobials. The number of isolates belonging to the first group showed a statistically significant decrease (P < 0.05; R(2)  = 0.896; r = -0.9608), while the isolates belonging to the second and third groups showed a statistically significant increase in resistance (P < 0.05; R(2)  = 0.753; r = 0.8890 and P < 0.05; R(2)  = 0.727; r = 0.8701, respectively) over the period of study. The results of this study suggest the need for continued monitoring of the development of resistance.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antigens, Bacterial; Cephalosporins; Diarrhea; Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Enrofloxacin; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Fimbriae Proteins; Fluoroquinolones; Italy; Swine; Swine Diseases; Thiamphenicol

In order to provide some basis for effective dosage regimens that optimize efficacy with respect to bacteriological and clinical cures, the in vivo activity of cefquinome against a clinical Escherichia coli (E.coli) strain (the minimum inhibitory concentration value for this strain equals to the MIC90 value of 0.25 μg/ml for 210 E.coli strains isolated from pigs) was investigated by using a piglet tissue-cage infection model. The aim was to elucidate the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) index associated with cefquinome efficacy, and then to identify the magnitude of the PK/PD parameter required for different degree of efficacy in clinical treatment.. Tissue-cage infection model was established in piglets, and then the animals received intramuscular injection of cefquinome twice a day for 3 days to create a range of different drug exposures. The tissue-cage fluid was collected at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h after every drug administration for drug concentrationdetermination and bacteria counting. Different cefquinome regimens produced different percentages of time during that drug concentrations exceeded the MIC (%T > MIC), ranging from 0% to 100%. Cefquinome administration at 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg reduced the bacterial count (log10 CFU/mL) in tissue-cage fluid by -1.00 ± 0.32, -1.83 ± 0.08, -2.33 ± 0.04, -2.96 ± 0.16, -2.99 ± 0.16, -2.93 ± 0.11, -3.43 ± 0.18, respectively. The correlation coefficient of the PK/PD index with antibacterial effect of the drug was 0.90 for %T > MIC, 0.62 for AUC0-12/MIC, and 0.61 for Cmax/MIC, suggesting the most important PK/PD parameter was %T > MIC. A inhibitory form of sigmoid maximum effect (Emax) model was used to estimate %T > MIC, and the respective values required for continuous 1/6-log drop, 1/3-log drop and 1/2-log drop of the clinical E.coli count during each 12 h treatment period were 3.97%, 17.08% and 52.68%.. The data derived from this study showed that cefquinome exhibited time-dependent killing profile. And from the results of the present study, it can be assumed that when %T > MIC reached 52.68%, cefquinome could be expected to be effective against a clinical E.coli strain for which the MIC value is below 0.128 μg/ml (3-log drop of bacteria count can be achieved after six successive administrations for 3 days).

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalosporins; Diffusion Chambers, Culture; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Escherichia coli Infections; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Random Allocation; Swine; Swine Diseases

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have emerged in animals. Testing 98 mecA negative and 71 mecA positive S. aureus we compared the usefulness of ceftiofur and cefquinome to cefoxitin, for detection of MRSA and found that these cephalosporins are not as efficient as cefoxitin.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalosporins; Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; Humans; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phenotype; Sensitivity and Specificity; Staphylococcal Infections; Swine; Swine Diseases

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), mainly of the CTX-M family, have been associated with Escherichia coli strains of animal origin in Europe. An in vivo experiment was performed to study the effects of veterinary beta-lactam drugs on the selection and persistence of ESBL-producing E. coli in the intestinal flora of pigs. Twenty pigs were randomly allocated into three treatment groups and one control group. All pigs were inoculated intragastrically with 10(10) CFU of a nalidixic acid (NAL)-resistant mutant derived from a CTX-M-1-producing E. coli strain of pig origin. Treatment with amoxicillin, ceftiofur, or cefquinome according to the instructions on the product label was initiated immediately after bacterial inoculation. Feces were collected from the rectum before inoculation and on days 4, 8, 15, 22, and 25 after the start of treatment. The total and resistant coliforms were counted on MacConkey agar with and without cefotaxime (CTX). Furthermore, MacConkey agar with CTX and NAL was used to count the number of CFU of the inoculated strain. Significantly higher counts of CTX-resistant coliforms were observed in the three treatment groups than in the control group for up to 22 days after the discontinuation of treatment. Ceftiofur and cefquinome exerted larger selective effects than amoxicillin, and the effects persisted beyond the withdrawal times recommended for these cephalosporins. The inoculated strain was detected in only nine animals on day 25. The increase in the number of CTX-resistant coliforms was mainly due to the proliferation of indigenous CTX-M-producing strains and the possible emergence of strains that acquired CTX-M genes by horizontal transfer. The study provides evidence that the cephalosporins used in pig production select for CTX-M-producing E. coli strains. Their use in animals should be carefully considered in view of the critical importance of cephalosporins and the zoonotic potential of ESBL-producing bacteria.

Topics: Amoxicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactam Resistance; beta-Lactamases; Cephalosporins; Colony Count, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Female; Genes, Bacterial; Intestines; Mutation; Nalidixic Acid; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sus scrofa; Swine Diseases

Epizootiological, clinical, bacteriological and haematological studies were carried out to assess the effectiveness of the recently developed cephalosporin preparation Cefquinome in the treatment of the puerperal septicaemia and toxaemia syndrome. Cefquinome was administered at three different doses (1, 2 and 4 mg/kg BW) to 188 sows with feverish puerperal illness. Amoxicillin (7 mg/kg BW) was used as a control drug. In 41% of cases endometritis was a monoinfection whereas in 70% of mammary infections mixed infections were diagnosed. Results showed that for therapy of puerperal septicaemia and toxaemia Cefquinome at doses of 2 mg/kg BW and 4 mg/kg BW is clearly more effective than the control drug Amoxicillin and Cefquinome at its lowest dose of 1 mg/kg BW.

Topics: Amoxicillin; Animals; Cephalosporins; Endometritis; Female; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Puerperal Disorders; Sepsis; Swine; Swine Diseases; Syndrome; Toxemia

The application of Bordetella and Pasteurella inactivated and adsorbed vaccines together with cefquinome to sows, piglets and weaners led to a significant reduction of the incidence of rhinitis atrophicans and pneumonia. The frequency of positive isolates of P. multocida, H. parasuis and A. pleuropneumoniae out of nasal swabs was reduced during the treatment.

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Cephalosporins; Female; Immunization; Male; Pasteurella multocida; Pneumonia; Rhinitis, Atrophic; Swine; Swine Diseases