Page last updated: 2024-09-05

gacyclidine and piperidines

gacyclidine has been researched along with piperidines in 36 studies

Compound Research Comparison

Studies
(gacyclidine)
Trials
(gacyclidine)
Recent Studies (post-2010)
(gacyclidine)
Studies
(piperidines)
Trials
(piperidines)
Recent Studies (post-2010) (piperidines)
361240,2355,22114,545

Research

Studies (36)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's9 (25.00)18.2507
2000's22 (61.11)29.6817
2010's5 (13.89)24.3611
2020's0 (0.00)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Drian, MJ; Kamenka, JM; Pirat, JL; Privat, A1
Calvet, MC; Kamenka, JM; Levallois, C; Petite, D1
Baldet, P; Levallois, C; Privat, A; Valence, C1
Baubichon, D; Brochier, G; Burckhart, MF; Carpentier, P; Kamenka, JM; Lallement, G; Mestries, JC; Peoc'h, M; Privat, A; Sentenac-Roumanou, H1
Baubichon, D; Burckhart, MF; Clarençon, D; Galonnier, M; Lallement, G; Masqueliez, C; Mestries, JC; Peoc'h, M1
Baubichon, D; Burckhart, MF; Clarençon, D; Galonnier, M; Lallement, G; Peoc'h, M1
Baubichon, D; Carpentier, P; Clarençon, D; Galonnier, M; Lallement, G; Peoc'h, M1
Baccard, N; D'Arbigny, P; Gourdier, B; Hoizey, G; Lamiable, D; Millart, H; Vistelle, R1
Lallement, G1
d'Arbigny, P; Gaviria, M; Haton, H; Kamenka, JM; Ohanna, F; Privat, A1
Hirbec, H; Privat, A; Vignon, J1
Darrell, RS; Fulop, ZL; Levinsohn, SA; Smith, JS; Stein, DG1
Hirbec, H; Kamenka, J; Privat, A; Teilhac, J; Vignon, J1
d'Arbigny, P; Dukic, S; Hoizey, G; Lamiable, D; Millart, H; Vistelle, R1
D'Arbigny, P; Dukic, S; Hoizey, G; Kaltenbach, ML; Lallemand, A; Lamiable, D; Millart, H; Vistelle, R2
Barbanel, G; Kamenka, JM; Laplanche, L1
d'Arbigny, P; Gaviria, M; Haton, H; Kamenka, J; Ohanna, F; Privat, A1
Arnaud, S; D'Arbigny, P; Feldblum, S; Rabin, O; Simon, M1
Hirbec, H; Kamenka, JM; Privat, A; Vignon, J2
Gaviria, M; Hirbec, H; Vignon, J1
Maynard, KI; Mitha, AP1
D'Arbigny, P; Dukic, S; Hoizey, G; Kaltenbach, ML; Lamiable, D; Millart, H; Vistelle, R1
Hirbec, H; Kamenka, JM; Mausset, AL; Privat, A; Vignon, J1
Privat, A1
Barbanel, G; Cambonie, G; Hirbec, H; Kamenka, JM; Michaud, M1
D'Arbigny, P; Delcour, J; Kempf, C; Lepeintre, JF; Loubert, G; Mathé, JF; Tadié, M; Vigué, B1
Bhagat, YA; Hamilton, MG; Kendall, EJ; Mikler, J; Obenaus, A1
Becerril Ortega, J; Buisson, A; Crouzin, N; Desmadryl, G; Hirbec, H; Privat, A; Teigell, M; Vandame, D1
Lenarz, T; Stöver, T; Warnecke, A; Wenzel, GI1
Asencio, G; Gaviria, M; Haton, H; Kouyoumdjian, P; Lonjon, N; Perrin, FE; Prieto, M; Privat, A1
Bauchet, L; Gaviria, M; Haton, H; Kouyoumdjian, P; Lonjon, N; Perrin, FE; Prieto, M; Privat, A1
Noraberg, J; Ring, A; Tanso, R1
Hirbec, H; Nesic, O; Perez-Polo, R; Prieto-Cappellini, M; Privat, A; Teigell, M; Ulmann, L; Vandame, D; Vignon, J1
Albertson, TE; Chenoweth, JA; Clarke, SO; Ford, JB; Gerona, RR; Owen, KP; Rose, JS; Sutter, ME1

Reviews

4 review(s) available for gacyclidine and piperidines

ArticleYear
Review of the value of gacyclidine (GK-11) as adjuvant medication to conventional treatments of organophosphate poisoning: primate experiments mimicking various scenarios of military or terrorist attack by soman.
    Neurotoxicology, 1999, Volume: 20, Issue:4

    Topics: Animals; Cyclohexanes; Cyclohexenes; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Haplorhini; Humans; N-Methylaspartate; Organophosphorus Compounds; Piperidines; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Seizures; Soman; Time Factors

1999
Gacyclidine: a new neuroprotective agent acting at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor.
    CNS drug reviews, 2001,Summer, Volume: 7, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Binding Sites; Cells, Cultured; Cyclohexanes; Cyclohexenes; Humans; Neuroprotective Agents; Piperidines; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Stereoisomerism

2001
Gacyclidine (Beaufour-Ipsen).
    Current opinion in investigational drugs (London, England : 2000), 2001, Volume: 2, Issue:6

    Topics: Animals; Clinical Trials as Topic; Contraindications; Cyclohexanes; Cyclohexenes; Humans; Neuroprotective Agents; Piperidines; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Structure-Activity Relationship

2001
[Repair of the mammalian central nervous system: the "spinal cord" model].
    Bulletin de l'Academie nationale de medecine, 2003, Volume: 187, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Axons; Cyclohexanes; Cyclohexenes; Fetal Tissue Transplantation; Male; Mammals; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Models, Animal; Nerve Regeneration; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons; Neuroprotective Agents; Piperidines; Rats; Spinal Cord Injuries

2003

Trials

1 trial(s) available for gacyclidine and piperidines

ArticleYear
Neuroprotective effect of gacyclidine. A multicenter double-blind pilot trial in patients with acute traumatic brain injury.
    Neuro-Chirurgie, 2004, Volume: 50, Issue:2-3 Pt 1

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Blood Pressure; Brain Injuries; Cyclohexanes; Cyclohexenes; Double-Blind Method; Electrocardiography; Endpoint Determination; Female; Glasgow Coma Scale; Humans; Intracranial Pressure; Male; Middle Aged; Neuroprotective Agents; Neuropsychological Tests; Physical Examination; Pilot Projects; Piperidines; Prospective Studies; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Treatment Outcome

2004

Other Studies

31 other study(ies) available for gacyclidine and piperidines

ArticleYear
Non-competitive antagonists of N-methyl-D-aspartate prevent spontaneous neuronal death in primary cultures of embryonic rat cortex.
    Journal of neuroscience research, 1991, Volume: 29, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Cerebral Cortex; Cyclohexanes; Cyclohexenes; Dizocilpine Maleate; Embryo, Mammalian; Female; N-Methylaspartate; Neurons; Phencyclidine; Piperidines; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains

1991
Neuroprotective effect of N-methyl-D-aspartate non-competitive antagonists (arylcyclohexylamine derivatives) on human cultured spinal cord cells.
    International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience, 1994, Volume: 12, Issue:6

    Topics: Cells, Cultured; Cyclohexanes; Cyclohexenes; Cyclohexylamines; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Immunohistochemistry; N-Methylaspartate; Neurites; Neuroglia; Neurons; Piperidines; Spinal Cord; Stereoisomerism

1994
Morphological and morphometric analysis of serotonin-containing neurons in primary dissociated cultures of human rhombencephalon: a study of development.
    Brain research. Developmental brain research, 1997, Apr-18, Volume: 99, Issue:2

    Topics: Cell Differentiation; Cell Size; Cells, Cultured; Cyclohexanes; Cyclohexenes; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Fetus; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Neurons; Neuroprotective Agents; Phencyclidine; Piperidines; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Rhombencephalon; Serotonin

1997
GK 11: promising additional neuroprotective therapy for organophosphate poisoning.
    Neurotoxicology, 1997, Volume: 18, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Cyclohexanes; Cyclohexenes; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Macaca; Male; Neuroprotective Agents; Organophosphorus Compounds; Piperidines

1997
Nerve agent poisoning in primates: antilethal, anti-epileptic and neuroprotective effects of GK-11.
    Archives of toxicology, 1998, Volume: 72, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Atropine; Brain; Chemical Warfare Agents; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Cholinesterase Reactivators; Cyclohexanes; Cyclohexenes; Diazepam; Drug Combinations; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Injections, Intravenous; Macaca fascicularis; Male; Muscarinic Antagonists; Neuroprotective Agents; Piperidines; Pralidoxime Compounds; Seizures; Soman; Staining and Labeling; Time Factors

1998
Acute soman poisoning in primates neither pretreated nor receiving immediate therapy: value of gacyclidine (GK-11) in delayed medical support.
    Archives of toxicology, 1999, Volume: 73, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Antidotes; Atropine; Brain; Cerebellum; Cerebral Cortex; Chemical Warfare Agents; Cholinesterase Reactivators; Cyclohexanes; Cyclohexenes; Diazepam; Drug Therapy, Combination; Electrocardiography; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Haplorhini; Macaca fascicularis; Male; Piperidines; Poisoning; Pralidoxime Compounds; Seizures; Soman; Time Factors

1999
Modified gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric assay for the determination of gacyclidine enantiomers in human plasma.
    Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical sciences and applications, 1999, Aug-20, Volume: 731, Issue:2

    Topics: Calibration; Cyclohexanes; Cyclohexenes; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Piperidines; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity

1999
[Interest in an glutamate antagonistic compound for the treatment of organophosphate poisoning].
    Annales pharmaceutiques francaises, 2000, Volume: 58, Issue:1

    Topics: Atropine; Cholinesterase Reactivators; Cyclohexanes; Cyclohexenes; Electroencephalography; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Humans; Organophosphate Poisoning; Piperidines; Poisoning; Pyridostigmine Bromide; Self Administration

2000
Neuroprotective effects of gacyclidine after experimental photochemical spinal cord lesion in adult rats: dose-window and time-window effects.
    Journal of neurotrauma, 2000, Volume: 17, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Cyclohexanes; Cyclohexenes; Disease Progression; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Light Coagulation; Male; Motor Activity; Neuroprotective Agents; Piperidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reaction Time; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Spinal Cord; Spinal Cord Injuries; Spinal Cord Ischemia

2000
Binding properties of [3H]gacyclidine in the rat central nervous system.
    European journal of pharmacology, 2000, Feb-04, Volume: 388, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Autoradiography; Cerebellum; Cyclohexanes; Cyclohexenes; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Membranes; Neuroprotective Agents; Organ Specificity; Piperidines; Radioligand Assay; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord; Telencephalon; Tritium

2000
Effects of the novel NMDA receptor antagonist gacyclidine on recovery from medial frontal cortex contusion injury in rats.
    Neural plasticity, 2000, Volume: 7, Issue:1-2

    Topics: Animals; Basal Nucleus of Meynert; Brain Injuries; Cell Count; Cerebral Cortex; Cerebral Ventricles; Cyclohexanes; Cyclohexenes; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Frontal Lobe; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Male; Maze Learning; Microglia; Motor Activity; Neurons; Piperidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Recovery of Function; Swimming

2000
Binding properties of [3H]gacyclidine (cis(pip/me)-1-[1-(2-thienyl)-2-methylcyclohexyl]piperidine) enantiomers in the rat central nervous system.
    Brain research, 2000, Mar-24, Volume: 859, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Binding Sites; Binding, Competitive; Central Nervous System; Cerebellum; Cyclohexanes; Cyclohexenes; In Vitro Techniques; Kinetics; Male; Neuroprotective Agents; Piperidines; Prosencephalon; Radioligand Assay; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord; Stereoisomerism; Subcellular Fractions; Tritium

2000
Sensitive gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for the determination of gacyclidine in rat plasma and spinal cord dialyzates.
    The Analyst, 1999, Volume: 124, Issue:12

    Topics: Animals; Cyclohexanes; Cyclohexenes; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Male; Microdialysis; N-Methylaspartate; Piperidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sensitivity and Specificity

1999
Distribution of gacyclidine enantiomers in spinal cord extracellular fluid.
    Pharmaceutical research, 2000, Volume: 17, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Blood Proteins; Catheterization; Cyclohexanes; Cyclohexenes; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Extracellular Space; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Microdialysis; Piperidines; Protein Binding; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord; Stereoisomerism

2000
The novel non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist gacyclidine blocks the glutamate-induced release of hydroxyl radicals in the striatum under conditions in which dizocilpine does not. A microdialysis study in rats.
    Neuroscience letters, 2000, Jul-28, Volume: 289, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Binding, Competitive; Corpus Striatum; Cyclohexanes; Cyclohexenes; Dizocilpine Maleate; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Glutamates; Hydroxyl Radical; Male; Microdialysis; N-Methylaspartate; Neuroprotective Agents; Oxidative Stress; Piperidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate

2000
Neuroprotective effects of a novel NMDA antagonist, Gacyclidine, after experimental contusive spinal cord injury in adult rats.
    Brain research, 2000, Aug-25, Volume: 874, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Contusions; Cyclohexanes; Cyclohexenes; Electrophysiology; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Male; Motor Activity; N-Methylaspartate; Neuroprotective Agents; Piperidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord; Spinal Cord Injuries; Time Factors; Weight Gain

2000
Distribution of gacyclidine enantiomers after experimental spinal cord injury in rats: possible involvement of an active transport system.
    Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2001, Volume: 90, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Biological Transport, Active; Calibration; Cyclohexanes; Cyclohexenes; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Male; Neuroprotective Agents; Piperidines; Protein Binding; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord Injuries; Stereoisomerism; Tissue Distribution

2001
Efficacy of a new neuroprotective agent, gacyclidine, in a model of rat spinal cord injury.
    Journal of neurotrauma, 2000, Volume: 17, Issue:11

    Topics: Animals; Astrocytes; Cyclohexanes; Cyclohexenes; Dizocilpine Maleate; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Schedule; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Female; Gliosis; Guanidines; Neuroprotective Agents; Piperidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Recovery of Function; Spinal Cord; Spinal Cord Injuries; Stereoisomerism

2000
Interaction of gacyclidine enantiomers with 'non-NMDA' binding sites in the rat central nervous system.
    Brain research, 2001, Mar-16, Volume: 894, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Autoradiography; Binding Sites; Brain Chemistry; Cerebellum; Cyclohexanes; Cyclohexenes; Dizocilpine Maleate; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Glutamic Acid; Glycine; Male; Piperidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Stereoisomerism; Tritium

2001
Characterization of 'non-N-methyl-D-Aspartate' binding sites for gacyclidine enantiomers in the rat cerebellar and telencephalic structures.
    Journal of neurochemistry, 2001, Volume: 77, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Binding Sites; Binding, Competitive; Cell Membrane; Cerebellum; Cyclohexanes; Cyclohexenes; Dendrites; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Female; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Mice, Neurologic Mutants; Neurotransmitter Agents; Organ Specificity; Piperidines; Purkinje Cells; Radioligand Assay; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Stereoisomerism; Telencephalon

2001
Pharmacokinetics of gacyclidine enantiomers in plasma and spinal cord after single enantiomer administration in rats.
    International journal of pharmaceutics, 2001, Oct-23, Volume: 229, Issue:1-2

    Topics: Animals; Blood Proteins; Calibration; Cyclohexanes; Cyclohexenes; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Extracellular Space; Half-Life; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Microdialysis; Piperidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Spinal Cord; Stereoisomerism

2001
Re-evaluation of phencyclidine low-affinity or "non-NMDA" binding sites.
    Journal of neuroscience research, 2002, May-01, Volume: 68, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Binding Sites; Binding, Competitive; Brain; Brain Injuries; Cerebellum; Cyclohexanes; Cyclohexenes; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Glutamic Acid; Male; Neurons; Neuroprotective Agents; Phencyclidine; Piperidines; Radioligand Assay; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Stereoisomerism; Subcellular Fractions; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Tritium

2002
Prenatal infection obliterates glutamate-related protection against free hydroxyl radicals in neonatal rat brain.
    Journal of neuroscience research, 2004, Jan-01, Volume: 75, Issue:1

    Topics: 2,3-Diketogulonic Acid; Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain; Cell Membrane; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cyclohexanes; Cyclohexenes; Female; Fetal Diseases; Functional Laterality; Glutamic Acid; Hydroxyl Radical; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol; Neuroprotective Agents; Oxidative Stress; Piperidines; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate; Subcellular Fractions; Time Factors

2004
Neuroprotection from soman-induced seizures in the rodent: evaluation with diffusion- and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging.
    Neurotoxicology, 2005, Volume: 26, Issue:6

    Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Brain; Cell Death; Cyclohexanes; Cyclohexenes; Diazepam; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Neuroprotective Agents; Piperidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Seizures; Soman; Status Epilepticus

2005
Comparison of the pharmacological properties of GK11 and MK801, two NMDA receptor antagonists: towards an explanation for the lack of intrinsic neurotoxicity of GK11.
    Journal of neurochemistry, 2007, Volume: 103, Issue:4

    Topics: Animals; Cells, Cultured; Cyclohexenes; Dizocilpine Maleate; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Hippocampus; Mice; Neuroprotective Agents; Piperidines; Rats; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate

2007
Effects of extracochlear gacyclidine perfusion on tinnitus in humans: a case series.
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 2010, Volume: 267, Issue:5

    Topics: Administration, Topical; Adolescent; Adult; Audiometry, Pure-Tone; Cochlea; Cyclohexenes; Female; Hearing Loss, Sensorineural; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neuroprotective Agents; Piperidines; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Round Window, Ear; Tinnitus; Young Adult

2010
A remotely controlled model of spinal cord compression injury in mice: toward real-time analysis.
    Journal of neurosurgery. Spine, 2009, Volume: 11, Issue:4

    Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cyclohexenes; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Motor Activity; Neuroprotective Agents; Piperidines; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Recovery of Function; Spinal Cord Compression; Time Factors

2009
Early functional outcomes and histological analysis after spinal cord compression injury in rats.
    Journal of neurosurgery. Spine, 2010, Volume: 12, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Autonomic Nervous System; Catheterization; Cyclohexenes; Disease Models, Animal; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Male; Motor Activity; N-Methylaspartate; Piperidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reflex; Sensory Receptor Cells; Spinal Cord; Spinal Cord Compression; Spinal Cord Injuries; Urination

2010
The use of organotypic hippocampal slice cultures to evaluate protection by non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonists against excitotoxicity.
    Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA, 2010, Volume: 38, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cyclohexenes; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Hippocampus; In Vitro Techniques; Neuroprotective Agents; Piperidines; Propidium; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate

2010
Development of NMDAR antagonists with reduced neurotoxic side effects: a study on GK11.
    PloS one, 2013, Volume: 8, Issue:11

    Topics: Animals; Astrocytes; Cyclohexenes; Dizocilpine Maleate; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Female; Gyrus Cinguli; Inflammation; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Memantine; Microglia; Neurons; Piperidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate

2013
Altered mental status and end organ damage associated with the use of gacyclidine: a case series.
    Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology, 2015, Volume: 11, Issue:1

    Topics: Academic Medical Centers; Adult; Combined Modality Therapy; Cyclohexenes; Designer Drugs; Drug Users; Emergency Service, Hospital; Fatal Outcome; Female; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Male; Middle Aged; Multiple Organ Failure; Neurotoxicity Syndromes; Piperidines; Psychomotor Agitation; Psychotropic Drugs; Rhabdomyolysis; Toxicokinetics; Treatment Outcome; Treatment Refusal

2015