Target type: molecularfunction
Binding to a protein antigen. [PMID:9360996]
Protein antigen binding is a molecular function that describes the interaction between a protein and an antigen. Antigens are molecules that can elicit an immune response, and protein antigens are a specific type of antigen that are composed of proteins. Protein antigen binding is essential for the immune system to recognize and target foreign invaders, such as bacteria and viruses. This process is mediated by specialized immune cells, such as B cells and T cells, which express receptors that can bind to specific antigens. When an antigen binds to a receptor on an immune cell, it triggers a cascade of signaling events that ultimately lead to the activation of the immune system and the elimination of the foreign invader. The binding of a protein antigen to its cognate receptor is highly specific, meaning that each receptor recognizes and binds to a unique antigen. This specificity is achieved through a complex interplay of forces, including electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic interactions. The strength of the interaction between a protein antigen and its receptor is determined by the affinity of the binding site. High-affinity interactions are characterized by strong binding and slow dissociation rates, while low-affinity interactions are characterized by weak binding and fast dissociation rates. The affinity of a protein antigen for its receptor is crucial for the proper functioning of the immune system. In addition to its role in the immune system, protein antigen binding is also involved in a variety of other biological processes, such as cell signaling, cell adhesion, and enzyme regulation. For example, many hormones and growth factors bind to specific protein receptors on the surface of cells to initiate signaling pathways. Similarly, many enzymes bind to specific protein substrates to catalyze biochemical reactions. Protein antigen binding is a complex and multifaceted process that is essential for a wide range of biological functions.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Integrin alpha-4 | An integrin alpha-4 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P13612] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Plasminogen | A plasminogen that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P00747] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| aminocaproic acid | 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator. Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties. | amino acid zwitterion; epsilon-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid | antifibrinolytic drug; hematologic agent; metabolite |
| 5-(n,n-hexamethylene)amiloride | 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the two amino hydrogens at position N-5 are replaced by a hexamethylene moiety, resulting in the formation of an azepane ring. 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride: inhibitor of Na+-H+ exchange; has anti-HIV-1 activity | aromatic amine; azepanes; guanidines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyrazines | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; odorant receptor antagonist; sodium channel blocker |
| bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)methane | bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)methane: aromatic diamidine which has a significant suppressive effect on the cytopathology & yield of respiratory synctial (RS) virus; RN given refers to parent cpd | ||
| gabexate | Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin. | benzoate ester | |
| haloperidol | haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety. Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279) | aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol | antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist |
| nafamostat | nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic | benzoic acids; guanidines | |
| netropsin | Netropsin: A basic polypeptide isolated from Streptomyces netropsis. It is cytotoxic and its strong, specific binding to A-T areas of DNA is useful to genetics research. | ||
| pentamidine | pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects. | aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether | anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic |
| tranexamic acid | Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage. | amino acid | |
| 1,3-ditolylguanidine | 1,3-ditolylguanidine: structure given in first source; a selective ligand for the sigma binding sites in the brain | toluenes | |
| phenylguanidine | phenylguanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd | ||
| amiloride | amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid. Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705) | aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines | diuretic; sodium channel blocker |
| leupeptin | aldehyde; tripeptide | bacterial metabolite; calpain inhibitor; cathepsin B inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor; serine protease inhibitor | |
| mci 9038 | peptide | ||
| dx 9065 | |||
| efegatran | efegatran: RN & structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd (D)-isomer | ||
| 5-amidinoindole | |||
| 5-(4-piperidyl)isoxazol-3-ol | 5-(4-piperidyl)isoxazol-3-ol: structure given in first source; a partial agonist at the GABA-A receptor on cultured hippocampal neurones; antagonizes muscimol-stimulated benzodiazepine binding to rat cortical membranes | piperidines | |
| ono 3307 | ONO 3307: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source | ||
| 4-guanidinobenzoate | 4-guanidinobenzoate: RN given refers to parent cpd 4-guanidinobenzoic acid : Benzoic acid substituted at the para position by a guanidino group. | benzoic acids; guanidines | |
| melagatran | azetidines; carboxamidine; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; secondary amino compound | anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; serine protease inhibitor | |
| pefabloc | |||
| beta-naphthamidine | beta-naphthamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd | ||
| razaxaban | razaxaban: structure in first source | ||
| dabigatran | dabigatran : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amoino group of N-pyridin-2-yl-beta-alanine. The active metabolite of the prodrug dabigatran etexilate, it acts as an anticoagulant which is used for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism. Dabigatran: A THROMBIN inhibitor which acts by binding and blocking thrombogenic activity and the prevention of thrombus formation. It is used to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic EMBOLISM in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. | aromatic amide; benzimidazoles; beta-alanine derivative; carboxamidine; pyridines | anticoagulant; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor |
| cyclopamine | piperidines | glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor | |
| benzamidine | carboxamidinium ion | ||
| 2-(4-chlorophenyl)guanidine | organochlorine compound | ||
| telaprevir | cyclopentapyrrole; cyclopropanes; oligopeptide; pyrazines | antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; peptidomimetic | |
| 3,7-dimethoxy-5,3',4'-trihydroxyflavone | 3,7-dimethoxy-5,3',4'-trihydroxyflavone: isolated from Veronia eremophila; structure given in first source 3',4',5-trihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone : A dimethoxyflavone that the 3,7-di-O-methyl derivative of quercetin. | dimethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone | EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; metabolite |
| hydroxygenkwanin | hydroxygenkwanin: isolated from leaves of Daphne genkwa | ether; flavonoids | |
| bms 740808 | 1-(3-aminobenzisoxazol-5'-yl)-3-trifluoromethyl-6-(2'-(3-hydroxy-N-pyrrolidinyl)methyl-(1,1')-biphen-4-yl)-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrazolo-(3,4-c)-pyridin-7-one: structure in first source | ||
| mocetinostat | mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11). mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer | aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent |
| uk-356,202 | UK-356,202: structure in first source | ||
| n-alpha-(2,4,6-triisopropyl-phenylsulfonyl)-3-amidino-(l)-phenyl-alanine-4-ethoxycarbonyl-piperazide hydrochloride | |||
| gw 813893 | |||
| tr 14035 | N-(2,6-dichlorobenzoyl)-4-(2',6'-bismethoxyphenyl)phenylalanine: TR-14035 is the (L)-isomer; an antagonist of both alpha4beta1 and beta7 integrins; structure in first source | ||
| lb 30057 | |||
| bio 1211 | BIO 1211: integrin alpha4beta1 inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
| a-317567 | A-317567: acid sensing ion channel blocker; structure in first source | ||
| betrixaban | betrixaban : A secondary carboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-(N,N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl)benzoic acid with the amino group of 2-amino-N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-5-methoxybenzamide. A synthetic anticoagulant compound that targets activated factor Xa in the coagulation cascade. betrixaban: a highly potent, selective, and orally efficacious factor Xa inhibitor; structure in first source | benzamides; guanidines; monochloropyridine; monomethoxybenzene; secondary carboxamide | anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor |
| rpr 120844 | |||
| n-(3-amino-1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-2,3-dioxopropyl)-3-(2-((((1,1-dimethylethyl)amino)carbonyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl)-6,6-dimethyl-3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexan-2-carboxamide | boceprevir : A synthetic tripeptide consisting of N-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)-3-methyl-L-valyl, a cyclopropyl-fused prolyl and 3-amino-4-cyclobutyl-2-oxobutanamide residues joined in sequence. Used for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection. | tripeptide; ureas | antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; peptidomimetic |
| m-chlorophenylguanidine | |||
| mk-7009 | vaniprevir : An azamacrocyclic compound that is a hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease inhibitor which is approved for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infections in Japan. vaniprevir: inhibits hepatitis C virus NS3/4a protease | azamacrocycle; carbamate ester; cyclopropanes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide | antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor |
| grassystatin a | grassystatin A: isolated from a cyanobacterium, identified as Lyngbya cf.; structure in first source | ||
| rpx7009 | RPX7009: a beta-lactamase inhibitor; structure in first source |