12-tungstophosphoric acid

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## 12-Tungstophosphoric Acid: A Versatile Catalyst

12-Tungstophosphoric acid (H₃PW₁₂O₄₀), also known as TPA, is a heteropolyacid that has garnered significant attention in research due to its unique properties and applications in various fields.

**Here's what makes it special:**

* **Strong Brønsted acidity:** TPA possesses a high concentration of acidic protons, making it an excellent catalyst for reactions involving acid catalysis.
* **High thermal stability:** It can withstand high temperatures without decomposition, allowing it to be used in various demanding applications.
* **Unique redox properties:** TPA can act as an oxidant or a reductant depending on the reaction conditions, making it useful for various redox reactions.
* **Versatility:** TPA can be used in both liquid and solid phases, either as a homogeneous or heterogeneous catalyst, offering flexibility in its application.

**Why is it important for research?**

TPA has emerged as a crucial catalyst in diverse research fields, including:

**1. Organic Chemistry:**
* **Esterification:** TPA efficiently catalyzes the esterification reaction, making it useful in the production of various esters.
* **Alkylation:** It facilitates alkylation reactions, especially in the production of gasoline and other hydrocarbons.
* **Diels-Alder reaction:** TPA acts as a Lewis acid catalyst in Diels-Alder reactions, leading to the formation of cyclic compounds.

**2. Inorganic Chemistry:**
* **Synthesis of nanomaterials:** TPA plays a crucial role in the synthesis of various nanomaterials, including metal oxides and semiconductors, by controlling their size and morphology.
* **Catalysis for environmental remediation:** TPA can be used to catalyze various reactions involved in the removal of pollutants, such as NOx and SOx, from industrial emissions.

**3. Analytical Chemistry:**
* **Spectrophotometric analysis:** TPA is used in various spectrophotometric methods for the determination of different substances, due to its ability to form colored complexes with specific analytes.
* **Separation science:** TPA serves as an effective stationary phase in liquid chromatography, separating and analyzing different components of a mixture.

**4. Materials Science:**
* **Polymer synthesis:** TPA acts as a catalyst in the synthesis of various polymers, including polyesters and polyamides.
* **Fuel cells:** TPA is being explored as a potential electrolyte in fuel cells, due to its high proton conductivity and electrochemical stability.

**Overall, 12-tungstophosphoric acid stands out as a powerful catalyst with a broad spectrum of applications in research. Its versatility, strong acidity, and thermal stability make it an invaluable tool in diverse fields, driving advancements in various research areas.**

While TPA offers significant potential, its research is ongoing. Ongoing research focuses on developing new and improved applications of TPA, especially in sustainable catalysis and clean energy technologies.

Cross-References

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	452313
MeSH ID	M0509977

Synonyms (14)

Synonym
einecs 215-682-7
unii-5kac2x78xm
tungstate(3-), tetracosa-mu-oxododecaoxo(mu12-(phosphato(3-)-kappao:kappao:kappao:kappao':kappao':kappao':kappao'':kappao'':kappao'':kappao''':kappao''':kappao'''))dodeca-, trihydrogen
tungstate(3-), tetracosa-mu-oxododecaoxo(mu12-(phosphato(3-)-kappao:kappao:kappao:kappao':kappao':kappao':kappao'':kappao'':kappao'':kappao''':kappao''':kappao'''))dodeca-, hydrogen (1:3)
tungstate(3-), tetracosa-mu-oxododecaoxo(mu12-(phosphato(3-)-o:o:o:o':o':o':o'':o'':o'':o''':o''':o'''))dodeca-, trihydrogen
5kac2x78xm ,
tungstate(3-), tetracosa-.mu.-oxododecaoxo[.mu.12-[phosphato(3-)-.kappa.o:.kappa.o:.kappa.o:.kappa.o':.kappa.o':.kappa.o':.kappa.o'':.kappa.o'':.kappa.o'':.kappa.o''':.kappa.o''':.kappa.o''']]dodeca-, trihydrogen
1343-93-7
12-tungstophosphoric acid
12-wolframophosphoric acid
BCTWNMTZAXVEJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
phosphane;tungsten;tetracontahydrate
phosphane--tungsten--water (1/12/40)
DTXSID00928558

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (21)

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	7 (33.33)	29.6817
2010's	13 (61.90)	24.3611
2020's	1 (4.76)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 25.05

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

Metric	This Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index	25.05 (24.57)
Research Supply Index	3.09 (2.92)
Research Growth Index	4.59 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index	22.84 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index	2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (25.05)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	0 (0.00%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	21 (100.00%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	2.11	1	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.	7.03	1	phosphoric acids	algal metabolite; fertilizer; human metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	7.03	1	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
cetylpyridinium Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.	7.03	1	pyridinium ion
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	7.05	1	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.	7.08	1	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	7.05	1	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	2.03	1	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	2.05	1	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	7.05	1	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	2.11	1	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
hexafluorobenzene [no description available]	2.03	1	fluorobenzenes; fluorocarbon	NMR chemical shift reference compound
1,4-cyclohexanediol [no description available]	2.05	1
malachite green malachite green: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. malachite green : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.	7.06	1	organic chloride salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal drug; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; fluorochrome; histological dye; teratogenic agent
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	2.06	1
1,2-cyclohexanediol 1,2-cyclohexanediol: RN given refers to parent cpd. cyclohexane-1,2-diol : A diol that consists of a cyclohexane skeleton carrying two hydroxy substituents.	2.05	1	diol
tetramethylpyrazine tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).	2.11	1	alkaloid; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
tungsten Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.	2.03	1	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	2.04	1	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	2.04	1	titanium group element atom
sodium tungstate(vi) sodium tungstate(VI): inactivates molybdoenzymes in Anabaena; RN given refers to tungstic acid [H2WO4], di-Na salt. sodium tungstate : An inorganic sodium salt having tungstate as the counterion. Combines with hydrogen peroxide for the oxidation of secondary amines to nitrones.	2.03	1	inorganic sodium salt	reagent
alkenes [no description available]	2.03	1
torsemide Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.	2.06	1	aminopyridine; N-sulfonylurea; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; loop diuretic
tropisetron Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.	2.08	1	indolyl carboxylic acid
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	2.03	1	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
granisetron Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.. granisetron : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of (3-endo)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine. A selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, it is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to manage nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting.	2.08	1	aromatic amide; indazoles
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	7.07	1	alkali metal atom
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	2.07	1
apyrase Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.	2.06	1

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin [description not available]	2.31	1
Staphylococcal Skin Infections Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	2.31	1
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	2.03	1
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	2.03	1
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	2.03	1

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