Compounds > pilocarpic acid
Page last updated: 2024-12-08

pilocarpic acid

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

pilocarpic acid: hydrolysis product of pilocarpine in aqueous medium; RN given refers to (S-(R*,S*))-isomer [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID182186
MeSH IDM0093116

Synonyms (17)

Synonym
pilocarpic acid
(2s,3r)-2-ethyl-3-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(3-methylimidazol-4-yl)butanoic acid
unii-978xn1e1zn
28406-15-7
1h-imidazole-5-butanoic acid, alpha-ethyl-beta-(hydroxymethyl)-1-methyl-, (s-(r*,s*))-
1h-imidazole-5-butanoic acid, alpha-ethyl-beta-(hydroxymethyl)-1-methyl-, (alphas,betar)-
978xn1e1zn ,
(2s,3r)-2-ethyl-3-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(1-methyl-1h-imidazol-5-yl)butanoic acid
1,2-secopilocarpin-2-oic acid
pilocarpine nitrate impurity b [ep impurity]
pilocarpine hydrochloride impurity pilocarpic acid [usp impurity]
1h-imidazole-5-butanoic acid, .alpha.-ethyl-.beta.-(hydroxymethyl)-1-methyl-, (.alpha.s,.beta.r)-
1h-imidazole-5-butanoic acid, .alpha.-ethyl-.beta.-(hydroxymethyl)-1-methyl-, (s-(r*,s*))-
pilocarpine hydrochloride impurity b [ep impurity]
pilocarpinsaure
Q27271985
(2s,3r)-2-ethyl-4-hydroxy-3-((1-methyl-1h-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)butanoic acid

Research Excerpts

Pharmacokinetics

Relatively large interindividual differences were observed in the pharmacokinetic parameters of pilocarpine, pilocaric acid, and 3-hydroxypilOCarpine.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of pilocarpine, pilocarpic acid, and 3-hydroxypilocarpine after oral administration of pilocarpine hydrochloride in 28 Japanese participants were calculated based on the data obtained from two phase-1 clinical studies."( Genetic polymorphisms of CYP2A6 affect the in-vivo pharmacokinetics of pilocarpine.
Endo, T; Fukami, T; Hara, Y; Hasunuma, T; Momose, Y; Nakajima, M; Yokoi, T, 2008)		0.6
"Relatively large interindividual differences were observed in the pharmacokinetic parameters of pilocarpine, pilocarpic acid, and 3-hydroxypilocarpine."( Genetic polymorphisms of CYP2A6 affect the in-vivo pharmacokinetics of pilocarpine.
Endo, T; Fukami, T; Hara, Y; Hasunuma, T; Momose, Y; Nakajima, M; Yokoi, T, 2008)		0.56
" The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of tramadol and its primary metabolite, O-desmethyltramadol (M1), after oral administration of tramadol hydrochloride (HCl) in African penguins (Spheniscus demersus)."( Pharmacokinetics of tramadol and its primary metabolite O-desmethyltramadol in African penguins (Spheniscus demersus).
Bronson, E; Cox, SK; Kilburn, JJ; Kottyan, J; Wack, AN, 2014)		0.4

Bioavailability

Alkyl and aralkyl esters of pilocarpic acid were synthesized as prodrugs. The aim was to improve the ocular bioavailability by increasing corneal membrane permeability.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"New alkyl and aralkyl pilocarpic acid diesters, prodrugs of pilocarpine, were synthesized with the aim of improving the bioavailability of pilocarpine by increasing its corneal permeability."( Determination of physicochemical properties, stability in aqueous solutions and serum hydrolysis of pilocarpic acid diesters.
Järvinen, T; Naumanen, H; Peura, P; Suhonen, P; Urtti, A, 1991)		0.81
"Various alkyl and aralkyl esters of pilocarpic acid were synthesized and evaluated as prodrug forms for pilocarpine with the purpose of improving the ocular bioavailability of pilocarpine through increased corneal membrane permeability."( Pilocarpine prodrugs I. Synthesis, physicochemical properties and kinetics of lactonization of pilocarpic acid esters.
Bundgaard, H; Falch, E; Larsen, C; Mikkelson, TJ, 1986)		0.76
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (25)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19906 (24.00)18.7374
1990's8 (32.00)18.2507
2000's7 (28.00)29.6817
2010's4 (16.00)24.3611
2020's0 (0.00)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 21.65

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index21.65 (24.57)
Research Supply Index3.37 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.43 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index21.17 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (21.65)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials2 (7.69%)5.53%
Reviews0 (0.00%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other24 (92.31%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		2.0110aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		2.0210imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		6.5252pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
bicuculline
Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.		2.0110benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines		agrochemical;
central nervous system stimulant;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
GABAA receptor antagonist;
neurotoxin
tramadol
Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.		2.1102-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanoladrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antitussive;
capsaicin receptor antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
o-demethyltramadol
O-demethyltramadol: one of the major metabolites of tramadol; structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent compound		2.110
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		2.0210inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		1.9810cyclodextrin
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		3.4311prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		02.1310
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.1310
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		02.7330
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		02.1310
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		03.4311
Koehler Disease
[description not available]		03.4311
Action Tremor
[description not available]		02.0110
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		02.0110
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood
[description not available]		02.0110
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).		02.0110
Absence Status
[description not available]		02.4220
Status Epilepticus
A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)		02.4220
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		02.0210
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		02.0210
Aura
[description not available]		02.0210
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		02.0210
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		03.3811