Target type: biologicalprocess
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lactate, the anion of lactic acid. [ISBN:0198547684]
Lactate metabolism is a crucial process in cellular energy production and homeostasis. It involves the conversion of pyruvate, a key molecule in cellular respiration, to lactate under conditions of low oxygen availability, such as during intense physical activity. This process, known as anaerobic glycolysis, allows for the continued production of ATP, the primary energy currency of the cell, even in the absence of sufficient oxygen.
Lactate production occurs primarily in skeletal muscle, red blood cells, and the brain, where it serves as a temporary energy source. During strenuous exercise, muscle cells switch to anaerobic glycolysis, generating lactate as a byproduct. This lactate can then be transported to other tissues, such as the liver, where it can be converted back to glucose through the Cori cycle.
Lactate metabolism is also important in maintaining cellular pH balance. During glycolysis, hydrogen ions are released, potentially leading to acidification of the intracellular environment. Lactate production helps buffer these protons, preventing a significant drop in pH.
In addition to its role in energy production and pH regulation, lactate has emerging functions in cell signaling and immune response. It can act as a signaling molecule, modulating gene expression and influencing cellular processes. Additionally, lactate can be utilized by immune cells as an energy source and may play a role in immune regulation.
The lactate metabolic process is a complex and multifaceted pathway with vital roles in cellular energy production, pH homeostasis, and potentially, cell signaling and immune function. Understanding this process is crucial for comprehending cellular metabolism, exercise physiology, and various disease states.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Fatty acid synthase | A fatty acid synthase that is encoded in the genome of chicken. [OMA:P12276, PRO:DNx] | Gallus gallus (chicken) |
| Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha | A hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q16665] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain | An L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P07195] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| L-lactate dehydrogenase A chain | An L-lactate dehydrogenase A chain that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P00338] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| malonic acid | dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups. malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group. | alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid | human metabolite |
| oxamic acid | oxamic acid : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid with ammonia. Oxamic Acid: Amino-substituted glyoxylic acid derivative. | dicarboxylic acid monoamide | Escherichia coli metabolite |
| ciclopirox | cyclic hydroxamic acid; hydroxypyridone antifungal drug; pyridone | antibacterial agent; antiseborrheic | |
| deferoxamine | Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator. | acyclic desferrioxamine | bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore |
| carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone | carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group. Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies. | aromatic ether; hydrazone; nitrile; organofluorine compound | ATP synthase inhibitor; geroprotector; ionophore |
| gossypol | Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer. | ||
| 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole | 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole: antineoplastic; activates platelet guanylate cyclase; a radiosensitizing agent and guanylate cyclase activator; structure in first source lificiguat : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole which is substituted by a benzyl group at position 1 and a 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furyl group at position 3. It is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase and inhibits platelet aggregation. | aromatic primary alcohol; furans; indazoles | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; platelet aggregation inhibitor; soluble guanylate cyclase activator; vasodilator agent |
| guanidine hydrochloride | one-carbon compound; organic chloride salt | protein denaturant | |
| adenosine monophosphate | Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position. | adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate | adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical |
| strophanthidin | Strophanthidin: 3 beta,5,14-Trihydroxy-19-oxo-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. The aglycone cardioactive agent isolated from Strophanthus Kombe, S. gratus and other species; it is a very toxic material formerly used as digitalis. Synonyms: Apocymarin; Corchorin; Cynotoxin; Corchorgenin. | 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 19-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; cardenolides; steroid aldehyde | |
| cycloheximide | cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus. Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis. | antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol | anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| acriflavine chloride | 3,6-diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride : The 10-methochloride salt of 3,6-diaminoacridine. Note that a mixture of this compound with 3,6-diaminoacridine (proflavine) is known as acriflavine or neutral acriflavine. | organic chloride salt | antibacterial agent; antiseptic drug; carcinogenic agent; histological dye; intercalator |
| 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid | 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid : A naphthoic acid with the carboxy group at position 2 and carrying a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It is a xenobiotic metabolite produced by the biodegradation of phenanthrene by microorganisms. 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd | hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; naphthoic acid; naphthols | bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; fungal xenobiotic metabolite |
| emetine | emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties. Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS. | isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline | antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| dimethyl disulfide | organic disulfide | xenobiotic metabolite | |
| dronabinol | Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy. Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound. | benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide | cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic |
| diallyl trisulfide | organic trisulfide | anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; estrogen receptor antagonist; insecticide; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent | |
| diallyl disulfide | diallyl disulfide : An organic disulfide where the organic group specified is allyl. It has been isolated from garlic and other species of the genus Allium. diallyl disulfide: major constituent of garlic oil | organic disulfide | antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite |
| phenethyl isothiocyanate | phenethyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenethyl group attached to the nitrogen. It is a naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables (e.g. watercress) and is known to possess anticancer properties. phenethyl isothiocyanate: a dietary liver aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor; promotes urinary bladder carcinoma | isothiocyanate | antineoplastic agent; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; metabolite |
| cannabichromene | 1-benzopyran | ||
| topotecan | topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks. Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I. | pyranoindolizinoquinoline | antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor |
| ursolic acid | hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid | geroprotector; plant metabolite | |
| epigallocatechin gallate | (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin. epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis) | flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite |
| panaxadiol | panaxadiol: a protopanaxadiol with the side chain cyclized into a pyran which is an artifact of acidic hydrolysis; RN refers to (3 beta,12 beta,20R)-isomer | triterpenoid saponin | |
| cryptopleurine | cryptopleurine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is (14aR)-11,12,13,14,14a,15-hexahydro-9H-dibenzo[f,h]pyrido[1,2-b]isoquinoline substituted at positions 2, 3 and 6 by methoxy groups. cryptopleurine: plant bark alkaloid shown to inhibit protein synthesis; RN given refers to (R)-isomer; structure | alkaloid; alkaloid antibiotic; aromatic ether; organic heteropentacyclic compound | antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid | Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. A biosynthetic precursor to Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, the principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant. | benzochromene; diterpenoid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide | anti-inflammatory agent; biomarker; metabolite; neuroprotective agent |
| epicatechin gallate | (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of epicatechin. A natural product found in Parapiptadenia rigida. epicatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor; RN given refers to the (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; isolated from green tea | catechin; gallate ester; polyphenol | EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite |
| tanshinone | tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent | abietane diterpenoid | anticoronaviral agent |
| gossylic nitrile-1,1'-diacetate | gossylic nitrile-1,1'-diacetate: inhibits human immunodeficiency virus Type I replication; structure given in first source | ||
| celastrol | monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid | anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; metabolite | |
| xestoquinone | xestoquinone: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (S)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 5/91; isolated from the sea sponge Xestospongia sapra | ||
| gl 331 | GL 331: structure in first source | ||
| tanshinone vi | tanshinone VI: isolated from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza; structure in first source | ||
| cryptotanshinone | cryptotanshinone: from Salvia miltiorrhiza | abietane diterpenoid | anticoronaviral agent |
| tanshinone ii a | tashinone IIA: a cardiovascular agent with antineoplastic activity; isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza; structure in first source | abietane diterpenoid | |
| moracin m | moracin M: has been isolated from Morus alba L.; structure in first source | benzofurans | |
| convallatoxin | convallatoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that consists of strophanthidin having a 6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl (L-rhamnosyl) group attached at position 3. convallatoxin: PI: *CONVALLARIA (73-79) | 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 19-oxo steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; steroid aldehyde; steroid lactone | metabolite; vasodilator agent |
| latrunculin a | latrunculin A : A bicyclic macrolide natural product consisting of a 16-membered bicyclic lactone attached to the rare 2-thiazolidinone moiety. It is obtained from the Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica and from the Fiji Islands sponge Cacospongia mycofijiensis. Latrunculin A inhibits actin polymerisation, microfilament organsation and microfilament-mediated processes. latrunculin A: 16-membered macrolide attached to 2-thiazolidinone moiety; from Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica; see also latrunculin B; structure given in first source | cyclic hemiketal; macrolide; oxabicycloalkane; thiazolidinone | actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; toxin |
| cannabidiol | cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4. Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract. | olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols | antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite |
| fm19g11 | FM19G11: structure in first source | benzamides | |
| stattic | 1-benzothiophenes; C-nitro compound; sulfone | antineoplastic agent; radiosensitizing agent; STAT3 inhibitor | |
| luteolin | 3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone | angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist | |
| vomifoliol | (6S,9R)-vomifoliol : A (6S)-vomifoliol with a R configuration for the hydroxy group at position 9. blumenol A: a phytotoxin isolated from Oryza sativa Awaakamai; structure in first source vomifoliol : A fenchane monoterpenoid that is 3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-one substituted by a hydroxy and a (1E)-3-hydroxybut-1-en-1-yl group at position 4. | (6S)-vomifoliol | metabolite; phytotoxin |
| rutin | Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders. | disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone | antioxidant; metabolite |
| mammeisin | neoflavonoid | metabolite | |
| ginkgolic acid | hydroxybenzoic acid | ||
| cerulenin | cerulenin : An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including Acremonium, Acrocylindrum and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function. Cerulenin: An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including ACREMONIUM, Acrocylindrum, and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function. | epoxide; monocarboxylic acid amide | antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor |
| 17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin | 17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin: structure in first source alvespimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle that is geldanamycin in which the methoxy group attached to the benzoquinone moiety has been replaced by a 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylamino group. | 1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | Hsp90 inhibitor |
| bakuchiol | bakuchiol: chief component of Psoralea corylifolia Linn; structure | ||
| avicularin | avicularin : A quercetin O-glycoside in which an alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl residue is attached at position 3 of quercetin via a glycosidic linkage. It is isolated particularly from Juglans regia and Foeniculum vulgare. avicularin: from Polygonum aviculare L.; RN given refers to L-isomer | alpha-L-arabinofuranoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone | hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite |
| 4-methylene-2-octyl-5-oxofuran-3-carboxylic acid | (2R,3S)-C75 : A 4-methylidene-2-octyl-5-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylic acid that has 2R,3S-configuration. 4-methylene-2-octyl-5-oxofuran-3-carboxylic acid: an anorectic fatty acid synthase inhibitor; structure in first source | 4-methylidene-2-octyl-5-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylic acid; gamma-lactone | |
| chetomin | |||
| manassantin b | manassantin B : A lignan isolated from Saururus cernuus and Saururus chinensis and has been shown to exhibit antineoplastic activity. manassantin B: isolated from the roots of Saururus chinensis; structure in first source | benzodioxoles; dimethoxybenzene; lignan; oxolanes; secondary alcohol | antineoplastic agent; metabolite |
| 3-dihydroxy-6-methyl-7-(phenylmethyl)-4-propylnaphthalene-1-carboxylic acid | 3-dihydroxy-6-methyl-7-(phenylmethyl)-4-propylnaphthalene-1-carboxylic acid: inhibits lactate dehydrogenase A | ||
| laurenditerpenol | laurenditerpenol: from the tropical marine alga Laurenciaintricata; potently inhibits HIF-1 mediated hypoxic signaling in breast tumor cells; structure in first source | ||
| px 478 | 2-amino-3-(4'-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)phenylpropionic acid N-oxide: inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha | ||
| 103d5r | 103D5R: small-molecule inhibitor of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 pathway; structure in first source | ||
| Dihydrotanshinone I | dihydrotanshinone I: extracted from Radix Salviae | abietane diterpenoid | anticoronaviral agent |
| Moracin P | benzofurans | ||
| adenosine monophosphate | adenosine 5'-monophosphate(2-) : A nucleoside 5'-monophosphate(2-) that results from the removal of two protons from the phosphate group of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP). | nucleoside 5'-monophosphate(2-) | cofactor; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite |
| 3,4-dimethoxy-n-((2,2-dimethyl-2h-chromen-6-yl)methyl)-n-phenylbenzenesulfonamide | 3,4-dimethoxy-N-((2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-6-yl)methyl)-N-phenylbenzenesulfonamide: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source | ||
| k-strophanthoside | K-strophanthoside: cardiac glycoside extracted from Strophanthus kombe; sugars (glucose-glucose-cymarose) are bonded with strophanthidin | ||
| ml228 probe | ML228 : A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines in which the triazine ring is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 6 by pyridin-2-yl, ([biphenyl]-4-ylmethyl)amin, and methyl groups, respectively. It is an activator of the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) pathway. ML228 probe: structure in first source | 1,2,4-triazines; biphenyls; pyridines; secondary amino compound | hypoxia-inducible factor pathway activator |
| methyl 1-hydroxy-6-phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1h-indole-2-carboxylate | methyl 1-hydroxy-6-phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole-2-carboxylate: inhibits lactate dehydrogenase A; structure in first source | ||
| 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(5-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2h-chromen-6-yl)ethanone | 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(5-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-6-yl)ethanone: an Hsp90 inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
| makaluvamine f | makaluvamine F: a potent & cytotoxic marine alkaloid; structure in first source | ||
| galloflavin | galloflavin: structure in first source | ||
| gossylic iminolactone | gossylic iminolactone: inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type I replication; structure given in first source | ||
| gossylic lactone | gossylic lactone: inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type I replication; structure given in first source |