Page last updated: 2024-10-24

sodium ion export across plasma membrane

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The directed movement of sodium ions from inside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region. [GOC:vw, PMID:14674689]

Sodium ion export across the plasma membrane is a fundamental process in maintaining cellular homeostasis and regulating various physiological functions. This process is primarily driven by the activity of specialized transmembrane proteins known as sodium-potassium pumps (Na+/K+ ATPases). These pumps utilize the energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to actively transport three sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell and two potassium ions (K+) into the cell against their respective electrochemical gradients. The export of Na+ from the cell is crucial for several reasons: 1. **Maintaining osmotic balance:** The outward movement of Na+ reduces the intracellular concentration of this ion, preventing water from rushing into the cell and causing it to swell. 2. **Generating electrochemical gradients:** The outward movement of Na+ creates a sodium concentration gradient across the plasma membrane, with higher concentration outside the cell. This gradient serves as a driving force for various secondary active transport mechanisms that rely on the Na+ gradient to move other molecules across the membrane. 3. **Regulating membrane potential:** The export of Na+ contributes to the establishment and maintenance of the resting membrane potential, which is essential for nerve impulse propagation, muscle contraction, and other cellular processes. 4. **Maintaining cell volume:** The Na+/K+ pump activity indirectly influences cell volume by regulating the intracellular concentration of osmotically active solutes, including Na+. The process of sodium ion export is tightly regulated by various factors, including intracellular Na+ concentration, ATP availability, and hormonal signaling. Disruptions in sodium ion export can lead to significant cellular dysfunction and contribute to various diseases. For instance, mutations in the Na+/K+ pump genes can cause disorders affecting nerve and muscle function. Furthermore, alterations in sodium ion export can play a role in cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and kidney dysfunction.'
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Proteins (13)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Potassium-transporting ATPase subunit betaA potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P51164]Homo sapiens (human)
Potassium-transporting ATPase alpha chain 2A potassium-transporting ATPase alpha chain 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P54707]Homo sapiens (human)
Potassium-transporting ATPase alpha chain 1A potassium-transporting ATPase alpha chain 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P20648]Homo sapiens (human)
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-4A sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-4 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q13733]Homo sapiens (human)
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gammaA sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P54710]Homo sapiens (human)
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3A sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P54709]Homo sapiens (human)
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2A sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P50993]Homo sapiens (human)
Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1A sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P19634]Homo sapiens (human)
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2A sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P14415]Homo sapiens (human)
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3A sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P13637]Homo sapiens (human)
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1A sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P05026]Homo sapiens (human)
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 A sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P05023]Homo sapiens (human)
Natriuretic peptides AAn atrial natriuretic factor that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P01160]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (28)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
ethylisopropylamilorideethylisopropylamiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the amino substitutent of the pyrazine ring that is adjacent to the chloro substituent has been substituted by an ethyl group and by an isopropyl group.

ethylisopropylamiloride: structure in first source
aromatic amine;
guanidines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines;
tertiary amino compound
anti-arrhythmia drug;
neuroprotective agent;
sodium channel blocker
cimetidinecimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.

Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.
aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile
adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
lansoprazoleLansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
omeprazole5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.

omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.

Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.
aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
pantoprazolepantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.

Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.
aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ranitidinearalkylamine
benzotriazolebenzotriazole : The simplest member of the class of benzotriazoles that consists of a benzene nucleus fused to a 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring.

benzotriazole: inhibitor of atmospheric metal corrosion; also component of motion picture film & Neva brake fluid
benzotriazolesenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
digoxigenindigoxigenin : A hydroxy steroid that consists of 5beta-cardanolide having a double bond at the 20(22)-position as well as hydroxy groups at the 3beta-, 12beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Digitalis.

Digoxigenin: 3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh.
12beta-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-sterol
hapten;
plant metabolite
amilorideamiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.

Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705)
aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines
diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
amiloride hydrochlorideamiloride hydrochloride dihydrate : A hydrate that is the dihydrate of amiloride hydrochloride.hydratediuretic;
sodium channel blocker
timoprazoletimoprazole: gastric acid secretion inhibitor
digoxigenin-bis(digitoxoside)cardenolide glycoside
2-((2-dimethylaminobenzyl)sulfinyl)benzimidazole2-((2-dimethylaminobenzyl)sulfinyl)benzimidazole: structure given in first source
cariporidecariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source
rostafuroxinrostafuroxin: structure in first source
ouabaincardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.

ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.

Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.
11alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone
anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
digitoxindigitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.

Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665)
cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
digoxindigoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.

Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666)
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin
anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
digitoxigenindigitoxigenin : A 5beta-cardenolide that is 5beta-cardanolide with hydroxy substituents at the 3beta- and 14beta-positions and double bond unsaturation at C(20)-C(22).

Digitoxigenin: 3 beta,14-Dihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digitoxin. Synonyms: Cerberigenin; Echujetin; Evonogenin; Thevetigenin.
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid
eniporideeniporide: inhibits NHE-1 isoform; structure in first source
zoniporidezoniporide: inhibits sodium-hydrogen exchanger isoform-1 (NHE-1)
sabiporidesabiporide: a NHE-1 inhibitor and a cardioprotective agent; structure in first source
phakellistatin 2phakellistatin 2: isolated from the marine sponge Phakellia carteri; structure in first source
(5-(2-methoxy-5-chloro-5-phenyl)furan-2-ylcarbonyl)guanidine(5-(2-methoxy-5-chloro-5-phenyl)furan-2-ylcarbonyl)guanidine: KR-32570 possesses potent cardioprotective effects in perfused rat hearts, and its effects may be mediated by inhibition of NHE-1, preservation of high-energy phosphates, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation
digitoxigenin monodigitoxosidedigitoxigenin monodigitoxoside: RN given refers to (ribo-3beta,5beta)-isomer
evomonosideevomonoside : A cardenolide glycoside consisting of digitoxigenin having an alpha-L-rhamnosyl moiety attached at the O(3)-position.

evomonoside: a cytotoxic cardiac glycoside from Lepidium apetalum; RN refers to (3beta,5beta)-isomer
cardenolide glycoside
halisulfate 1halisulfate 1: an isocitrate lyase inhibitor sesterterpene sulfate from sponge, Hippospongia sp.; structure in first sourceorganic molecular entitymetabolite
mk-7246