stem cell development

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stem cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to its specific fate. [CL:0000034, GOC:isa_complete]

Stem cell development is a complex and fascinating process that involves a series of tightly regulated molecular events, leading to the formation of specialized cell types from undifferentiated progenitor cells. These cells possess the remarkable ability to self-renew and differentiate into various cell lineages, contributing to the growth, maintenance, and repair of tissues and organs throughout the lifespan.

Stem cells can be categorized into two main types: embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and adult stem cells. ESCs are derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, the early stage of embryonic development, and have the potential to differentiate into all cell types of the body. Adult stem cells, on the other hand, reside in specific tissues and are typically multipotent, meaning they can give rise to a limited range of cell types within their tissue of origin.

The development of stem cells is governed by intricate signaling pathways and transcription factors that orchestrate the expression of genes responsible for cell fate decisions. These pathways interact in a complex and dynamic manner, ensuring proper cell differentiation and tissue homeostasis.

One of the key signaling pathways involved in stem cell development is the Wnt pathway, which regulates cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Activation of the Wnt pathway leads to the accumulation of β-catenin, a protein that acts as a transcription factor, inducing the expression of genes involved in stem cell self-renewal and pluripotency.

Another crucial signaling pathway is the Notch pathway, which plays a vital role in cell fate determination and lineage specification. Notch signaling involves the interaction of transmembrane receptors on adjacent cells, leading to the activation of downstream transcription factors that influence the expression of genes responsible for cell differentiation.

In addition to signaling pathways, transcription factors are essential for regulating gene expression and guiding stem cell development. These proteins bind to specific DNA sequences, activating or repressing the transcription of genes involved in cell identity and function. For example, the transcription factor Oct4 is crucial for maintaining the pluripotent state of ESCs, while Nanog promotes self-renewal and inhibits differentiation.

Stem cell development is not a linear process but rather a complex interplay of signaling pathways, transcription factors, and epigenetic modifications that govern cell fate decisions. This intricate regulation ensures the proper development and maintenance of tissues and organs throughout life.'
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Proteins (4)

Compounds (48)