Page last updated: 2024-10-24

ventricular cardiac muscle cell differentiation

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a ventricular cardiac muscle cell. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. The ventricle is the part of the heart that pumps blood out of the organ. [GOC:devbiol, GOC:mtg_heart]

Ventricular cardiac muscle cell differentiation is a complex and highly regulated process that begins during embryonic development and continues throughout life. It involves a series of intricate molecular events that orchestrate the formation of functional cardiomyocytes, the specialized cells that drive the heart's rhythmic contractions.

The journey begins with the specification of cardiac progenitor cells from mesoderm, the middle germ layer of the embryo. These progenitors possess the potential to become different types of heart cells. The precise cues that guide them towards the ventricular fate are still being unraveled, but factors like fibroblast growth factors, Wnt proteins, and transcription factors like GATA4 and MEF2C play critical roles.

Once committed, ventricular progenitors embark on a tightly controlled developmental program. This involves a cascade of molecular events, including gene expression, protein synthesis, and cell signaling. Key transcription factors like Nkx2.5, Tbx5, and Myocd orchestrate the activation of genes crucial for ventricular identity and function.

As the cells differentiate, they acquire hallmark features of mature ventricular cardiomyocytes. These include:

* **Sarcomere formation:** The contractile apparatus of the heart, composed of organized arrays of myosin and actin filaments, forms. This intricate structure allows for efficient force generation and contraction.
* **Intercalated disc formation:** These specialized junctions between adjacent cardiomyocytes allow for efficient electrical and mechanical coupling, crucial for synchronized heartbeats.
* **Expression of cardiac-specific proteins:** Cardiomyocytes express a unique set of proteins, including sarcomeric proteins, ion channels, and signaling molecules, essential for their function.
* **Functional maturation:** As differentiation progresses, ventricular cardiomyocytes gain the ability to generate action potentials, respond to electrical stimulation, and contract in a coordinated manner.

The process of ventricular cardiomyocyte differentiation is not static. Even after birth, the heart retains a degree of plasticity, allowing for limited regeneration and adaptation to changes in demand. Understanding the intricate molecular pathways that govern this process is crucial for developing novel therapies for heart diseases, such as cardiomyopathy and heart failure.

This remarkable journey from a simple progenitor cell to a highly specialized cardiomyocyte is a testament to the incredible precision and complexity of biological processes.
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Proteins (2)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Retinoic acid receptor betaA retinoic acid receptor beta that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P10826]Homo sapiens (human)
Retinoic acid receptor alphaA retinoic acid receptor alpha that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P10276]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (38)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
am 5804-{[(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)carbonyl]amino}benzoic acid : An amidobenzoic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)benzoic acid with the anilino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid. A selective RARalpha agonist.

Am 580: a selctive retinoic acid receptor (alpha) agonist; structure given in first source
amidobenzoic acid;
tetralins
antineoplastic agent;
retinoic acid receptor alpha/beta agonist
bms 961BMS 961: a retinoic acid receptor gamma agonist; no further info available 10/2006
lg 100268LG 100268: a retinoid X receptor (RXR) selective compound; structure given in first source
tazarotenetazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.

tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic
acetylenic compound;
ethyl ester;
pyridines;
retinoid;
thiochromane
keratolytic drug;
prodrug;
teratogenic agent
adapaleneadapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.

Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.
adamantanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
naphthoic acid
dermatologic drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
bexarotenebenzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid
antineoplastic agent
tamibarotenetamibarotene : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the condensation of one of the carboxy groups of terephthalic acid with the amino group of 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-amine.

tamibarotene: has retinoid-binding activity
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
retinoid;
tetralins
antineoplastic agent;
retinoic acid receptor alpha/beta agonist
4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-anthracenyl)benzoic acid
hx 600HX 600: structure given in first source
cd 437CD 437: selective for retinoic acid receptors gamma

CD437 : A naphthoic acid that is 6-phenylnaphthylene-2-carboxyic acid in which the phenyl substituent has been substituted at positions 3 and 4 by adamant-1-yl and hydroxy groups, respectively. It acts as a selective agonist of retinoic acid receptor (RAR)gamma and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in various cancer cells.
adamantanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
naphthoic acid;
phenols
apoptosis inducer;
retinoic acid receptor gamma agonist
6-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,1,4,4-tetramethyl-6-naphthyl)-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid6-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,1,4,4-tetramethyl-6-naphthyl)-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid: reverses keratinization process in hamster tracheal organ culture; inhibits induction of ornithine decarboxylase; structure & RN given in first source; RN not in Chemline 12/5/83
cd 2019CD 2019: a retinoic acid receptor beta2 agonist; structure given in first source
agn 193109AGN 193109: structure given in first source
tretinoinall-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.

retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).

Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).
retinoic acid;
vitamin A
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
bms 195614BMS 195614 : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5,5-dimethyl-8-(quinolin-3-yl)-5,6-dihydronaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of p-aminobenzoic acid. It is a neutral retinoic acid receptor (RAR) alpha-selective antagonist (Ki = 2.5 nM). It displays no significant effect on nuclear receptor corepressor (NCoR) binding; moderately decreases SMRT binding to RAR. It antagonizes agonist-induced coactivator (CoA) recruitment.benzoic acids;
quinolines;
secondary carboxamide
retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
bms 961
alitretinoinAlitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
metabolite;
retinoid X receptor agonist
ac 556494'-octyl-4-biphenylcarboxylic acid: an RAR beta2 agonist; structure in first sourcebiphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl
sr 11217SR 11217: structure given in first source
lg 100567ALRT 1550: ALRT1550 is (2E,4E,6E)-isomer; LG100567 is (2E,4E,6Z)-isomer; structure given in first source
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid: RN refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source

arotinoid acid : A retinoid that consists of benzoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 2-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a synthetic retinoid that acts as a selective agonist for the retinoic acid receptors (RAR).
benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid
antineoplastic agent;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
teratogenic agent
agn 191659AGN 191659: a retinoid x receptor pan-agonist; structure in first source
agn 191701AGN 191701: retinoid X receptors agonist; RN refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dionepregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione: steroid from guggulu extract; RN & N1 from C1 Form index; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source; antagonist of farnesoid X receptor3-hydroxy steroidandrogen
agn 190121
lg100754LG 100754: retinoic acid receptors antagonist & agonist; a mixed function retinoid whose activity is dimer-selective; structure given in first source
lg 1506
nrx 194204IRX4204: retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist; structure in first source
agn 194204AGN 194204: a retinoid X receptor ligand; structure in first source
adaroteneadarotene: structure in first source
bms453BMS 189453: structure in first source

BMS-453 : A member of the class of dihydronaphthalenes that is 1,2-dihydronaphthalene which is substituted at positions 1, 1, 4, and 6 by methyl, methyl, phenyl, and 2-(p-carboxyphenyl)vinyl groups, respectively (the E isomer). It is a potent retinoic acid receptor gamma (RARbeta) agonist that acts as an antagonist against RARalpha and RARgamma.
benzoic acids;
dihydronaphthalenes;
stilbenoid
retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist;
retinoic acid receptor beta agonist;
retinoic acid receptor gamma antagonist;
teratogenic agent
hx 630HX 630: a retinoid X receptor ligand that functions as both an RAR synergist and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma synergist; structure in first source
bms 204493BMS-493 : A member of the class of dihydronaphthalenes that is 1,2-dihydronaphthalene which is substituted at positions 1, 1, 4, and 6 by methyl, methyl, phenylethynyl, and 2-(p-carboxyphenyl)vinyl groups, respectively (the E isomer).acetylenic compound;
benzoic acids;
dihydronaphthalenes;
stilbenoid
retinoic acid receptor antagonist
sr 11302SR 11302: structure given in first source

SR11302 : A retinoid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the methyl group at position 9 is replaced by a 4-methylphenyl group. It is an inhibitor of activator protein-1 which exhibits antitumour effects in vivo.
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
retinoid;
toluenes
antineoplastic agent;
AP-1 antagonist
cd 666
agn 190205AGN 190205: inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation; structure in first source
le 135LE 135: structure given in first sourcedibenzodiazepine
ac 261066