Compounds > 2-pyridylacetic acid
Page last updated: 2024-11-06

2-pyridylacetic acid

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

2-Pyridylacetic acid, also known as picolinic acid, is a heterocyclic carboxylic acid that has garnered significant research interest due to its diverse biological activities and potential applications in various fields. It is synthesized via different methods, including the reaction of picoline with formaldehyde and potassium cyanide followed by hydrolysis. The compound exhibits antibacterial and antifungal properties, with studies revealing its effectiveness against a range of microbial species. Moreover, 2-pyridylacetic acid has shown promising results in treating diabetes and obesity, acting as an insulin sensitizer and promoting weight loss. Its potential in treating cancer is also under investigation, with research indicating its ability to inhibit the growth of certain tumor cells. The compound's unique chemical structure and its versatility in biological systems have made it a subject of extensive research, exploring its potential therapeutic uses and its role in various metabolic pathways. '

2-pyridylacetic acid: a betahistine metabolite; structure in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID85318
CHEMBL ID1801660
CHEBI ID138364
SCHEMBL ID21298
MeSH IDM0475183

Synonyms (42)

Synonym
2-pyridineacetic acid
CHEBI:138364
AKOS000200429
54363-97-2
2-pyridin-2-ylacetic acid
A23992
13115-43-0
2-(2-pyridyl)acetic acid;pyridine-2-acetic acid;2-pyridylacetic acid
pyridineacetic acid
CHEMBL1801660
unii-13z7401tv3
13z7401tv3 ,
2-(pyridin-2-yl)acetic acid
AM20050758
2-pyridylacetic acid
2-(2-pyridyl)acetic acid
(2-pyridinyl)acetic acid
SCHEMBL21298
(2-pyridyl)-acetic acid
pyridin-2-yl-acetic acid
(pyridin-2-yl)acetic acid
2-pyridinylacetic acid
2-pyridyl-acetic acid
pyridyl acetic acid
pyridine-2-yl-acetic acid
2-(2-pyridinyl)acetic acid
2-(pyridin-2-yl)-acetic acid
W-205336
pyridine-2-acetic acid
2-pyridinylacetic acid #
AC-27705
F1967-3208
mfcd03412533
108876-92-2
pyridine-acetic acid
DTXSID70927093
2-(pyridin-2-yl)aceticacid
FT-0749459
pyridin-2-ylacetic acid
CS-0096299
Q27251553
SB52877

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" There were no serious adverse events reported in the study, betahistine was safe and well tolerated at all the dose levels tested."( Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of 2-pyridylacetic acid, a major metabolite of betahistine, in a phase 1 dose escalation study in subjects with ADHD.
Desai, PB; Gabbita, P; Moorthy, G; Sallans, L; Sallee, F; Zemlan, F, 2015)		0.68

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of betahistine in healthy volunteers."( LC-MS-MS analysis of 2-pyridylacetic acid, a major metabolite of betahistine: application to a pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers.
Chen, XY; Duan, JL; Yan, BX; Zhong, DF, 2003)		0.64
" Plasma levels of 2-pyridylacetic acid (2-PAA), a major metabolite of betahistine were quantified using a validated LC-MS/MS method and used for pharmacokinetic analysis and dose proportionality of betahistine."( Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of 2-pyridylacetic acid, a major metabolite of betahistine, in a phase 1 dose escalation study in subjects with ADHD.
Desai, PB; Gabbita, P; Moorthy, G; Sallans, L; Sallee, F; Zemlan, F, 2015)		1.01

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"To assess the comparative bioavailability of two formulations (16 mg tablet) of betahistine (CAS 5579-84-0) in healthy volunteers of both sexes."( Comparative bioavailability of betahistine tablet formulations administered in healthy subjects.
Chen, LS; De Nucci, G; Mendes, GD; Val, L, 2010)		0.36
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
pyridinesAny organonitrogen heterocyclic compound based on a pyridine skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Bioassays (3)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID605841Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis recombinant DXR expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using DXP as substrate and MgCl2 as cofactor at 100 uM preincubated for 10 mins2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-14, Volume: 54, Issue:13
Inhibition of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase by lipophilic phosphonates: SAR, QSAR, and crystallographic studies.
AID605761Inhibition of Escherichia coli recombinant DXR using DXP as substrate and MgCl2 as cofactor at 100 uM preincubated for 10 mins2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-14, Volume: 54, Issue:13
Inhibition of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase by lipophilic phosphonates: SAR, QSAR, and crystallographic studies.
AID605760Inhibition of Escherichia coli recombinant DXR using DXP as substrate and MgCl2 as cofactor preincubated for 10 mins2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-14, Volume: 54, Issue:13
Inhibition of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase by lipophilic phosphonates: SAR, QSAR, and crystallographic studies.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (6)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's1 (16.67)29.6817
2010's5 (83.33)24.3611
2020's0 (0.00)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 27.43

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index27.43 (24.57)
Research Supply Index2.08 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.73 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index23.70 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (27.43)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials1 (16.67%)5.53%
Reviews0 (0.00%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other5 (83.33%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
2-(3-pyridine)acetic acid
3-pyridylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid substituted by a (pyridin-3-yl) group. It is a metabolite of nicotine and other tobacco alkaloids.		2.0610monocarboxylic acid;
pyridines		human xenobiotic metabolite
fosmidomycin
fosmidomycin: from Streptomyces lavendulae; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in second source. fosmidomycin : Propylphosphonic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a formyl(hydroxy)amino group. An antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lavendulae, it specifically inhibits DXP reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.267), a key enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis.		2.0610hydroxamic acid;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.267 (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase) inhibitor
picolinic acid
picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.		2.0610pyridinemonocarboxylic acidhuman metabolite;
MALDI matrix material
betahistine
Betahistine: A histamine analog and H1 receptor agonist that serves as a vasodilator. It is used in MENIERE DISEASE and in vascular headaches but may exacerbate bronchial asthma and peptic ulcers.. betahistine : An aminoalkylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a 2-(methylamino)ethyl group at position 2. It acts as a histamine agonist and a vasodilator, and is thought to improve the microcirculation of the labyrinth, resulting in reduced endolymphatic pressure. It is used (generally as the hydrochloride or mesylate salt) to reduce the symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss associated with Meniere's disease.		4.5551aminoalkylpyridine;
secondary amino compound		H1-receptor agonist;
vasodilator agent
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		2.1510ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
phenylphosphonic acid
phenylphosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; NM same as N1		2.0610benzenes
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		4.5551benzenes;
phenyl acetates
2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine
2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine: histamine H1 receptor agonist inducing cross-tolerance to histamine; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.110aminoalkylpyridine;
primary amine		histamine agonist;
metabolite
benzylphosphonic acid
[no description available]		2.0610benzenes
3-(n-acetyl-n-hydroxy)aminopropylphosphonic acid
3-(N-acetyl-N-hydroxy)aminopropylphosphonic acid: from Streptomyces rubellomurinus sp. nov.; interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis; structure in first source		2.0610phosphonoacetic acid
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Auditory Vertigo
[description not available]		02.110
Meniere Disease
A disease of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is characterized by fluctuating SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; episodic VERTIGO; and aural fullness. It is the most common form of endolymphatic hydrops.		02.110
ADDH
[description not available]		03.511
Dizzyness
[description not available]		03.511
Agitation, Psychomotor
[description not available]		03.511
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)		03.511
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		03.511
Psychomotor Agitation
A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.		03.511
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		02.0110