Target type: biologicalprocess
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages. [ISBN:0198506732]
Oligosaccharide catabolic processes encompass a wide range of enzymatic reactions that break down complex oligosaccharides into simpler sugars. These processes are essential for the utilization of dietary carbohydrates and for the recycling of cellular components. They involve a series of hydrolytic enzymes that cleave glycosidic bonds between monosaccharide units, releasing free sugars that can be further metabolized. The enzymes involved are highly specific for the type of glycosidic bond they cleave and the structure of the oligosaccharide.
The process often begins with the action of exoglycosidases, which remove sugars from the non-reducing end of an oligosaccharide chain. Endoglycosidases, on the other hand, cleave glycosidic bonds within the oligosaccharide chain. These enzymes are frequently associated with the cell surface or lysosomes, where they encounter oligosaccharides derived from the breakdown of glycoproteins, glycolipids, or polysaccharides.
The catabolism of oligosaccharides plays a crucial role in:
* **Energy production:** The released monosaccharides can be used as substrates for glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, generating ATP.
* **Nutrient acquisition:** Dietary oligosaccharides are broken down into absorbable monosaccharides.
* **Cellular signaling:** Oligosaccharide catabolism can generate specific signaling molecules that regulate cellular processes.
* **Glycoprotein and glycolipid metabolism:** Oligosaccharide catabolism is an integral part of the synthesis and degradation of glycoproteins and glycolipids, essential for various cellular functions.
The precise details of oligosaccharide catabolism can vary significantly depending on the specific oligosaccharide substrate, the organism, and the cellular location. However, the underlying principle remains the same: the sequential hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds by specific enzymes to release free sugars that can be further metabolized or utilized.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Sialidase-2 | A sialidase-2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9Y3R4] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Epididymis-specific alpha-mannosidase | An epididymis-specific alpha-mannosidase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9Y2E5] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Sialidase-3 | A sialidase-3 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9UQ49] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Cytosolic beta-glucosidase | A cytosolic beta-glucosidase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9H227] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Sialidase-1 | A sialidase-1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q99519] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Sialidase-4 | A sialidase-4 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q8WWR8] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Beta-hexosaminidase subunit beta | A beta-hexosaminidase subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P07686] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Lysosomal alpha-mannosidase | A lysosomal alpha-mannosidase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O00754] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| danthron | chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8. danthron: structure | dihydroxyanthraquinone | apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite |
| emodin | emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs. Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies. | trihydroxyanthraquinone | antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
| pyrimethamine | Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds | aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes | antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor |
| carzenide | sulfonamide | ||
| rhein | dihydroxyanthraquinone | ||
| 1-deoxynojirimycin | 1-deoxy-nojirimycin: structure in first source duvoglustat : An optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration. | 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol; piperidine alkaloid | anti-HIV agent; anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite |
| swainsonine | swainsonine : An indolizidine alkaloid isolated from the plant Swainsona canescens with three hydroxy substituents at positions 1, 2 and 8. Swainsonine: An indolizidine alkaloid from the plant Swainsona canescens that is a potent alpha-mannosidase inhibitor. Swainsonine also exhibits antimetastatic, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory activity. | indolizidine alkaloid | antineoplastic agent; EC 3.2.1.114 (mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,3-1,6-alpha-mannosidase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; plant metabolite |
| zanamivir | Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE. | guanidines | antiviral agent; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor |
| oseltamivir | oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza. Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE. | acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound | antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic |
| 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-n-acetylneuraminic acid | 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid : N-Acetylneuraminic acid reduced across the 2,3-bond with loss of the hydroxy group at C-2; it is a minor component of body fluids although abundant in sialuria. 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid: also known as NeuAc2en, but this is also synonym for another compound | N-acetylneuraminic acids | |
| 9,10-anthraquinone 2-carboxylic acid | 9,10-anthraquinone 2-carboxylic acid: structure in first source | ||
| 5-hydroxyflavone | flavones | ||
| 1-deoxymannojirimycin | |||
| (-)-catechin | (-)-catechin : The (-)-enantiomer of catechin. | catechin | metabolite |
| sakuranetin | sakuranetin : A flavonoid phytoalexin that is (S)-naringenin in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by a methoxy group. sakuranetin: major rice phytoalexin; RN given for ((S)-(-))-isomer; structure in first source | (2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; flavonoid phytoalexin; monomethoxyflavanone | antimycobacterial drug; plant metabolite |
| 2-acetamido-1,5-imino-1,2,5-trideoxy-d-glucitol | 2-acetamido-1,5-imino-1,2,5-trideoxy-D-glucitol: structure given in first source | ||
| bcx 1812 | 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; acetamides; cyclopentanols; guanidines | antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor | |
| n-acetylneuraminic acid | N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl. N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518) | N-acetylneuraminic acids | antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| miglitol | piperidines | ||
| n-acetylneuraminic acid | N-acetyl-beta-neuraminic acid : N-Acetylneuraminic acid with beta configuration at the anomeric centre. | N-acetylneuraminic acid | epitope |
| 2,5-dideoxy-2,5-imino-d-glucitol | 2,5-dideoxy-2,5-imino-D-glucitol: structure in first source | ||
| 4-amino-2-deoxy-2,3-didehydro-n-acetylneuraminic acid | |||
| bana 113 | |||
| validamine | validamine : An amino cyclitol consisting of 1D-chiro-inositol lacking the 6-hydroxy group and having those at positions 1 and 5 replaced by amino and hydroxymethyl groups respectively. validamine: RN given from CA Index Guide; RN not in Chemline 11/84; structure given in first source | amino cyclitol | |
| quercetin | 7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone | antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger | |
| acacetin | 5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone : A monomethoxyflavone that is the 4'-methyl ether derivative of apigenin. | dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone | anticonvulsant; plant metabolite |
| apigenin | Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia. | trihydroxyflavone | antineoplastic agent; metabolite |
| luteolin | 3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone | angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist | |
| kaempferol | 7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone | antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite | |
| genistein | 7-hydroxyisoflavones | antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor | |
| baicalein | trihydroxyflavone | angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger | |
| chrysin | chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7. | 7-hydroxyflavonol; dihydroxyflavone | anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite |
| genkwanin | genkwanin : A monomethoxyflavone that is apigenin in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is methylated. genkwanin: structure | dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone | metabolite |
| myricetin | 7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; food component; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite | |
| scutellarein | scutellarein : Flavone substituted with hydroxy groups at C-4', -5, -6 and -7. scutellarein: aglycone of scutellarin from Scutellaria baicalensis; carthamidin is 2S isomer of scutellarein; do not confuse with isoscutellarein and/or isocarthamidin which are respective regioisomers, or with the scutelarin protein | tetrahydroxyflavone | metabolite |
| tricetin | tricetin : Flavone hydroxylated at positions 3', 4', 5, 5' and 7. | pentahydroxyflavone | antineoplastic agent; metabolite |
| 4',7-dihydroxyflavone | 4',7-dihydroxyflavone : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 4' and 7. 4',7-dihydroxyflavone: inducer of nod gene | dihydroxyflavone | metabolite |
| n-acetylglucosamine thiazoline | N-acetylglucosamine thiazoline: an analog of the oxazolinium bicyclic intermediate leading from N-acetylglucosamine to 1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramic acid | ||
| 5,7,2'-trihydroxyflavone | 5,7,2'-trihydroxyflavone: has inhibitory effects on the EBV-EA activation & on mouse skin tumor promotion in an in vivo two-stage carcinogenesis test; from Scutellaria baicalensis; structure given in first source | flavones | |
| thiamet g |