triglyceride catabolic process
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a triglyceride, any triester of glycerol. [ISBN:0198506732]
The triglyceride catabolic process, also known as lipolysis, is the breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids. It occurs primarily in adipose tissue, where triglycerides are stored. The process is initiated by the enzyme hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), which is activated by hormones like adrenaline, glucagon, and growth hormone.
HSL hydrolyzes the ester bonds between the glycerol molecule and the fatty acid chains, releasing free fatty acids and glycerol. These molecules can then be used as energy sources by different tissues in the body.
The free fatty acids can be transported in the bloodstream bound to albumin, a protein, and delivered to tissues like muscle and liver. Muscle can use fatty acids directly for energy production, while the liver can use them to synthesize ketones, which can be used as an alternative fuel source for the brain and other tissues.
Glycerol can be transported to the liver, where it can be used to synthesize glucose or converted into pyruvate for energy production.
Triglyceride catabolism is an important process for regulating blood glucose levels and providing energy for the body. It is particularly important during periods of fasting or exercise, when glucose availability is limited. Furthermore, the process is also involved in various other biological processes, including:
- **Energy production:** Triglycerides are a major energy reserve in the body.
- **Hormone regulation:** Triglyceride catabolism is involved in the production of hormones like leptin and adiponectin, which are involved in regulating appetite and energy expenditure.
- **Inflammation:** Triglyceride catabolism can be involved in the production of inflammatory mediators.
- **Tissue repair:** Triglycerides can be broken down to provide building blocks for tissue repair.'
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Proteins (5)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Endothelial lipase | An endothelial lipase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9Y5X9] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Monoglyceride lipase | A monoglyceride lipase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q99685] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 2 | A patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q96AD5] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Hepatic triacylglycerol lipase | A hepatic triacylglycerol lipase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P11150] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Lipoprotein lipase | A lipoprotein lipase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P06858] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (39)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| benzo(b)thiophene-2-boronic acid | benzo(b)thiophene-2-boronic acid: inhibits AmpC beta-lactamase; structure in first source | ||
| disulfiram | organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor | |
| ethylmaleimide | Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies. | maleimides | anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor |
| thiram | thiram : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment. Thiram: A dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. In vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE. It has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations. | organic disulfide | antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug |
| bis(1-piperidylthiocarbonyl)disulfide | bis(1-piperidylthiocarbonyl)disulfide: indicator for analysis of copper; structure | ||
| tetramethylthiuram monosulfide | |||
| 4,4'-dithiodimorpholine | 4,4'-dithiodimorpholine: rubber vulcanizing agent causing occupational dermatitis; structure | ||
| methyl diethyldithiocarbamate | |||
| diphenyl disulfide | benzenes | ||
| n-phenylmaleimide | N-phenylmaleimide: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7104 | ||
| dronabinol | Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy. Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound. | benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide | cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic |
| 1,6-bismaleimidohexane | |||
| diacerein | diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase; | anthraquinone | |
| phenylethane boronic acid | |||
| n-methylmaleimide | N-methylmaleimide: structure in first source | ||
| n-benzylmaleimide | |||
| n,n'-4-phenylenedimaleimide | |||
| n-(2-methoxyphenyl)maleimide | N-(2-methoxyphenyl)maleimide: structure given in first source | ||
| n-(4-bromophenyl)maleimide | N-(4-bromophenyl)maleimide: structure given in first source | ||
| 1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl-boronic acid | |||
| 4-methoxyphenylboronic acid | 4-methoxyphenylboronic acid: structure in first source | ||
| nutlin 3 | stilbenoid | ||
| orlistat | orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug. Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity. | beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative | anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor |
| arachidonyltrifluoromethane | AACOCF3 : A fatty acid derivative that is arachidonic acid in which the OH part of the carboxy group has been replaced by a trifluoromethyl group arachidonyltrifluoromethane: structure given in first source; inhibits 85-kDa phospholipase A2 | fatty acid derivative; ketone; olefinic compound; organofluorine compound | EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor |
| [2-(1-piperidinyl)-1,3-benzothiazol-6-yl]-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]methanone | piperazines; pyridines | ||
| guineensine | guineensine: an Acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor, from the fruits of Piper longum; structure in first sourc | benzodioxoles | |
| cay 10499 | carbamate ester | ||
| methyl arachidonylfluorophosphonate | phosphonic ester | ||
| urb602 | URB602: inhibitor of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)-deactivating enzyme, monoacylglycerol lipase, structure in first source | ||
| ly2183240 | LY2183240: structure in first source | biphenyls | |
| 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(6-pyrrolidin-1-ylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl)urea | 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(6-pyrrolidin-1-ylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl)urea: structure in first source | ||
| omdm 169 | OMDM 169: has antinociceptive activity; structure in first source | ||
| am 6701 | |||
| jzl 184 | JZL 184: inhibits monoacylglycerol lipase; structure in first source | benzodioxoles | |
| jzl195 | JZL195: inhibits both fatty-acid amide hydrolase 1 and monoglyceride lipase; structure in first source | ||
| sar127303 | SAR127303: inhibits monoacylglycerol lipase; structure in first source | ||
| atglistatin | atglistatin : A biphenyl that is 1,1'-biphenyl substituted by (dimethylcarbamoyl)amino and dimethylamino groups at positions 3 and 4', respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of adipose triglyceride lipase activity (IC50 = 700nM). atglistatin: inhibits adipose triglyceride lipase; structure in first source | ||
| mjn110 | MJN110: structure in first source | ||
| xen445 |