phospholipid catabolic process
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. [ISBN:0198506732]
Phospholipid catabolism is a fundamental cellular process that involves the breakdown of phospholipids, which are complex lipids that play vital roles in cell membrane structure, signaling, and other cellular functions. This process is essential for maintaining membrane integrity, regulating cell signaling pathways, and providing building blocks for other essential molecules. The breakdown of phospholipids occurs through a series of enzymatic steps, involving specific enzymes that cleave phospholipids at various positions. The process begins with the hydrolysis of phospholipids by phospholipases, which are a family of enzymes that specifically target the phosphodiester bonds within the phospholipid molecule. Different phospholipases exhibit specificity for different positions in the phospholipid molecule, resulting in the production of various breakdown products. For example, phospholipase A2 cleaves the fatty acid at the sn-2 position, while phospholipase C cleaves the phosphodiester bond between the glycerol backbone and the phosphate group, yielding diacylglycerol and a phosphorylated head group. The breakdown products of phospholipid catabolism, such as fatty acids, glycerol, and phosphorylated head groups, are further metabolized by various cellular pathways. Fatty acids are either oxidized for energy production or used in the synthesis of new lipids. Glycerol can be used as a precursor for the synthesis of glucose or other carbohydrates. Phosphorylated head groups can be recycled for the synthesis of new phospholipids or used in other cellular processes. The regulation of phospholipid catabolism is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Disruptions in this process can lead to various pathological conditions, including inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. For instance, imbalances in phospholipid breakdown can contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases. In summary, phospholipid catabolism is a crucial cellular process that involves the enzymatic breakdown of phospholipids into their constituent components. This process is essential for membrane integrity, cell signaling, and providing building blocks for other cellular processes. Dysregulation of phospholipid catabolism can lead to various pathological conditions, highlighting the importance of maintaining proper phospholipid metabolism.'
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Proteins (9)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 | A 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 that is encoded in the genome of cow. [OMA:P08487, PRO:DNx] | Bos taurus (cattle) |
| Phospholipase D2 | A phospholipase D2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O14939] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Phospholipase D1 | A phospholipase D1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q13393] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Endothelial lipase | An endothelial lipase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9Y5X9] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Monoacylglycerol lipase ABHD6 | A monoacylglycerol lipase ABHD6 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9BV23] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Lysophosphatidylserine lipase ABHD12 | A lysophosphatidylserine lipase ABHD12 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q8N2K0] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D | An N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q6IQ20] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 2 | An ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q13822] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 | A 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P19174] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (37)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| hexachlorophene | hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union. Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797) | bridged diphenyl fungicide; polyphenol; trichlorobenzene | acaricide; antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug |
| 1-NA-PP1 | pyrazolopyrimidine | tyrosine kinase inhibitor | |
| raloxifene | raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. | 1-benzothiophenes; aromatic ketone; N-oxyethylpiperidine; phenols | bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator |
| 1,6-bis(cyclohexyloximinocarbonyl)hexane | 1,6-bis(cyclohexyloximinocarbonyl)hexane: selective inhibitor of canine platelet diglyceride lipase | carbamate ester; organonitrogen compound | |
| evans blue | Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence. Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly. | organic sodium salt | fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent |
| lithocholic acid | lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action. Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic. | bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| congo red | Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0. Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS. | bis(azo) compound | |
| dronabinol | Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy. Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound. | benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide | cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic |
| 4-[1-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-phenylbut-1-enyl]phenol | stilbenoid | ||
| halopemide | halopemide: structure | ||
| benzeneboronic acid | boronic acids | ||
| 3-pentadecylphenol | 3-pentadecylphenol: structure in first source | phenols | |
| 1-(4-pyridyl)piperazine | 1-(4-pyridyl)piperazine: structure in first source | ||
| 3-aminobenzeneboronic acid | |||
| 1-(2-pyridinyl)piperazine | 1-(2-pyridinyl)piperazine: metabolite of buspirone & gepirone | ||
| dioctanoylphosphatidic acid | dioctanoylphosphatidic acid: structure given in first source | 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate; octanoate ester | |
| 6-n-tridecylsalicylic acid | 6-n-tridecylsalicylic acid: structure given in first source | hydroxybenzoic acid | |
| 4-methoxyphenylboronic acid | 4-methoxyphenylboronic acid: structure in first source | ||
| nutlin 3 | stilbenoid | ||
| afimoxifene | afimoxifene : A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen. | phenols; tertiary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor antagonist; metabolite |
| tamoxifen | stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator | |
| orlistat | orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug. Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity. | beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative | anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor |
| amentoflavone | biflavonoid; hydroxyflavone; ring assembly | angiogenesis inhibitor; antiviral agent; cathepsin B inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; plant metabolite | |
| bilobol | bilobol: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 6/90 | 5-alkenylresorcinol | |
| ginkgolic acid | hydroxybenzoic acid | ||
| lysophosphatidic acid | 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class. lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd | 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate | |
| ubistatin a | ubistatin A: inhibits cyclin B proteolysis and degradation of ubiquitinated Sic1; structure in first source | ||
| nitrocefin | nitrocefin: chromogenic cephalosporin used for detection of beta-lactamase activity; Cefinase is name for nitrocefin on paper disc; RN given refers to (6R-(3(E),6 alpha,7 beta))-isomer; structure for mono-Na salt in second source | ||
| ursodoxicoltaurine | tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid. | bile acid taurine conjugate | anti-inflammatory agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent |
| 5-fluoro-2-indolyldeschlorohalopemide | benzimidazoles | ||
| N-[2-[4-(2-oxo-3H-benzimidazol-1-yl)-1-piperidinyl]ethyl]-2-naphthalenecarboxamide | naphthalenecarboxamide | ||
| vu0155069 | |||
| pf 8380 | |||
| ml298 | |||
| ml299 | ML299: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source | ||
| ono-8430506 | ONO-8430506: an autotaxin inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
| xen445 |