Target type: biologicalprocess
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of starch, the most important reserve polysaccharide in plants. [GOC:ai]
Starch catabolism is a complex biological process that breaks down starch, a complex carbohydrate, into simpler sugars. This process occurs in various organisms, including plants, animals, and microorganisms. The breakdown of starch begins with the hydrolysis of the α-1,4 glycosidic linkages between the glucose units in the starch molecule. This process is catalyzed by enzymes called amylases. There are two main types of amylases: α-amylase and β-amylase. α-Amylase randomly cleaves α-1,4 glycosidic linkages within the starch molecule, generating shorter polysaccharides and maltose. β-Amylase, on the other hand, hydrolyzes α-1,4 glycosidic linkages from the non-reducing end of the starch molecule, releasing maltose units. The resulting maltose is further broken down into glucose by the enzyme maltase. In addition to amylases and maltase, other enzymes involved in starch catabolism include: debranching enzymes, which break down the α-1,6 glycosidic linkages in branched starch molecules; and glucoamylase, which hydrolyzes both α-1,4 and α-1,6 glycosidic linkages. The glucose produced from starch catabolism can be used for energy production through cellular respiration, or it can be stored as glycogen in animals or as starch in plants. In plants, starch catabolism is an important process for providing energy during germination and growth. In animals, starch catabolism is essential for providing energy for various physiological processes. Microorganisms also utilize starch catabolism for energy production, playing a crucial role in the decomposition of organic matter in the environment.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Maltase-glucoamylase, intestinal | A maltase-glucoamylase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O43451] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2,4-thiazolidinedione | 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione : A thiazolidenedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 2 and 4. thiazolidine-2,4-dione: structure in first source | thiazolidenedione | |
| methyl acetoacetate | methyl acetoacetate: structure | oxo carboxylic acid | |
| diethyl malonate | diethyl malonate: isomer of diethylmalonic acid; one of most used compounds in drug synthesis, don't confuse with ethylmalonic acid | dicarboxylic acid | |
| 1-deoxynojirimycin | 1-deoxy-nojirimycin: structure in first source duvoglustat : An optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration. | 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol; piperidine alkaloid | anti-HIV agent; anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite |
| acarbose | tetrasaccharide derivative | EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent | |
| miglustat | miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group. miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor | piperidines; tertiary amino compound | anti-HIV agent; EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor |
| (-)-catechin | (-)-catechin : The (-)-enantiomer of catechin. | catechin | metabolite |
| mor-14 | N-methyldeoxynojirimycin: glucosidase inhibitor | hydroxypiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary amino compound | anti-HIV agent; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite |
| terphenyllin | terphenyllin : A para-terphenyl that is 1,1':4',1''-terphenyl substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3' and 6' and hydroxy groups at positions 2', 4 and 4''. It has been isolated from Aspergillus taichungensis. terphenyllin: novel p-terphenyl metabolite from Aspergillus candidus | dimethoxybenzene; para-terphenyl; phenols | Aspergillus metabolite; mycotoxin |
| 2,5-dihydroxymethyl-3,4-dihydroxypyrrolidine | 2,5-dihydroxymethyl-3,4-dihydroxypyrrolidine: structure given in first source | dihydroxypyrrolidine | |
| homonojirimycin | homonojirimycin: inhibits alpha-glucosidase; RN given for (2R-(2alpha,3alpha,4beta,5alpha,6beta))-isomer; structure in first source | ||
| valiolamine | valiolamine: isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus; RN from CA Index; RN not in Chemline 2/85 | ||
| migalastat | migalastat: a potent inhibitor of glycolipid biosynthesis | piperidines | |
| 3-hydroxyterphenyllin | 3-hydroxyterphenyllin : A para-terphenyl that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of terphenyllin. It has been isolated from Aspergillus taichungensis. 3-hydroxyterphenyllin: metabolite of Aspergillus candidus; structure | catechols; dimethoxybenzene; para-terphenyl | Aspergillus metabolite |
| valienamine | valienamine: intermediate formed by microbial degradation of validamycins; structure given in first source | ||
| miglitol | piperidines | ||
| ao 128 | AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source | organic molecular entity | |
| acarbose | amino cyclitol; glycoside | ||
| validamine | validamine : An amino cyclitol consisting of 1D-chiro-inositol lacking the 6-hydroxy group and having those at positions 1 and 5 replaced by amino and hydroxymethyl groups respectively. validamine: RN given from CA Index Guide; RN not in Chemline 11/84; structure given in first source | amino cyclitol | |
| 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-d-arabinitol | |||
| 2-(Benzotriazol-1-yl)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethanone | aromatic ketone | anticoronaviral agent | |
| trisindoline | trisindoline: an antibiotic indole trimer, produced by Vibrio separated from the marine sponge Hyrtios altum; structure given in first source | ||
| quercetin | 7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone | antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger | |
| genistein | 7-hydroxyisoflavones | antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor | |
| eupatoriopicrine | germacranolide | ||
| mangostin | alpha-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3 and 6, a methoxy group at position 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour activities. mangostin: xanthone from rind of Garcinia mangostana Linn. fruit | aromatic ether; phenols; xanthones | antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite |
| 7,8-dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin | 7,8-dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin: possess strong antioxidant and radical scavenging activities; structure in first source | hydroxycoumarin | |
| gamma-mangostin | gamma-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antitumour activity. | phenols; xanthones | antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor |
| beta-Mangostin | xanthones | ||
| 9-Hydroxycalabaxanthone | xanthones | ||
| broussochalcone a | broussochalcone A: RN given for (E)-isomer; inhibits neutrophil respiratory burst; structure in first source | ||
| salacinol | salacinol: a sulfated thiosugar from Salacia reticulata (CELASTRACEAE); structure in first source | ||
| n-(5-adamantane-1-yl-methoxy-pentyl)deoxynojirimycin | |||
| papyriflavonol a | papyriflavonol A : A pentahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted with hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5, 7, 3' and 4' and prenyl groups at positions 6 and 5'. Isolated from Broussonetia papyrifera, it exhibits inhibitory activity against phospholipase A2 and tyrosinase. papyriflavonol A: isolated from Broussonetia papyrifera; structure in first source | 3'-hydroxyflavonoid; flavonols; pentahydroxyflavone | EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; metabolite |
| l-altro-1-deoxynojirimycin | L-altro-1-deoxynojirimycin: structure in first source | ||
| ponkoranol | ponkoranol: isolated from the plant Salacia reticulata; structure in first source | ||
| sch 725680 | Sch 725680: an aazaphilone from Aspergillus sp.; structure in first source | ||
| aspernolide a | aspernolide A: structure in first source | ||
| kotalanol | Kotalanol: a sulfated thiosugar from Salacia plant genus; alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
| neosalacinol | |||
| aspulvinone E | 4-hydroxy-5-(4-hydroxybenzylidene)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)furan-2(5H)-one : A member of the class of butenolides that is furan-2(5H)-one substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl, hydroxy and 4-hydroxybenzylidene groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively. aspulvinone E : A 4-hydroxy-5-(4-hydroxybenzylidene)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)furan-2(5H)-one in which the double bond adopts a Z-configuration. It is a marine metabolite isolated from the fungus Aspergillus terreus and exhibits antiviral activity. | 4-hydroxy-5-(4-hydroxybenzylidene)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)furan-2(5H)-one; aspulvinone | antiviral agent; Aspergillus metabolite; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; marine metabolite |
| pinophilin b | pinophilin B: from cultures of a fungus (Penicillium pinophilum Hedgcok) derived from a seaweed; structure in first source |