Page last updated: 2024-10-24

female germ cell nucleus

Definition

Target type: cellularcomponent

The nucleus of the female germ cell, a reproductive cell in females. [CL:0000021, GOC:hjd]

The female germ cell nucleus, also known as the oocyte nucleus, is a complex and highly specialized structure that undergoes dramatic changes throughout the process of oogenesis. Here's a detailed description of its cellular components:

**1. Nuclear Envelope:**
- This double-layered membrane encloses the nucleus and separates its contents from the cytoplasm.
- It is perforated by nuclear pores, which regulate the exchange of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
- The inner nuclear membrane is associated with the nuclear lamina, a protein network that provides structural support and contributes to the organization of the nuclear content.

**2. Chromatin:**
- This is the complex of DNA and proteins that forms the genetic material of the oocyte.
- During oogenesis, the chromatin undergoes significant changes, including condensation and reorganization.
- The condensed chromatin, known as heterochromatin, is typically found at the periphery of the nucleus, while less condensed euchromatin is located in the interior.
- The organization of chromatin is essential for gene regulation and the proper execution of meiotic divisions.

**3. Nucleolus:**
- This is a prominent structure within the nucleus that is responsible for ribosome biogenesis.
- It contains ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) and the machinery necessary for rRNA transcription and processing.
- The nucleolus is particularly prominent in oocytes, reflecting the high demand for ribosomes during oocyte growth and development.

**4. Nuclear Matrix:**
- This is a complex network of proteins and other molecules that provides structural support to the nucleus.
- It helps to organize the chromatin and other nuclear components.
- The nuclear matrix is also involved in DNA replication, transcription, and other nuclear processes.

**5. Nucleoplasm:**
- This is the gel-like substance that fills the space within the nuclear envelope.
- It contains a variety of molecules, including enzymes, transcription factors, and other regulatory proteins.
- The nucleoplasm provides a suitable environment for the numerous nuclear processes that take place within the oocyte nucleus.

**6. Germline-Specific Factors:**
- Oocyte nuclei contain specific factors that are essential for the development of the germline.
- These include proteins involved in the regulation of meiosis, the establishment of the maternal imprint, and the control of oocyte growth and maturation.

**7. Dynamic Changes During Oogenesis:**
- The composition and structure of the oocyte nucleus undergo significant changes throughout oogenesis.
- The chromatin undergoes condensation and reorganization, the nucleolus becomes more prominent, and the nuclear envelope undergoes modifications to facilitate the meiotic divisions.
- These dynamic changes ensure the proper development of the oocyte and its ability to support embryonic development.'
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Proteins (2)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1A DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P26358]Homo sapiens (human)
Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1A solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P11166]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (44)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
gossypolGossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.
phloretindihydrochalconesantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
procainamideprocainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.

Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.
benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
vorinostatvorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).

Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.
dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
cytidinecytidinesEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cycloheximidecycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.

Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.
antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol
anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
dichlonedichlone: structure
azacitidine5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.

Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.
N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue
antineoplastic agent
emetineemetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.

Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.
isoquinoline alkaloid;
pyridoisoquinoline
antiamoebic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiviral agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
emetic;
expectorant;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
c 137C 137: RN given refers to parent cpd
imidocarbImidocarb: One of ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS used especially against BABESIA in livestock. Toxicity has been reported.ureasantiprotozoal drug
colforsinColforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol
adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
epigallocatechin gallate(-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.

epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis)
flavans;
gallate ester;
polyphenol
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
5,5'-methylenedisalicylic acid5,5'-methylenedisalicylic acid: inhibits attachment of ribosomes to microsomal membranes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source & Merck Index, 9th ed, #5934
1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylenediarylmethane
mmv665852MMV665852: an antischistosomal agent
1,3,4,10-Tetrahydro-9(2H)-acridinoneacridines
s-tubercidinylhomocysteine
6-bromo-3-(bromomethyl)-7-methyl-2,3,7-trichloro-1-octene6-bromo-3-(bromomethyl)-7-methyl-2,3,7-trichloro-1-octene: structure given in first sourcemonoterpenoid;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound
algal metabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
marine metabolite
s-adenosyl-3-thiopropylamineS-adenosyl-3-thiopropylamine : A thioadenosine that is adenosine in which the hydroxy group at C-5' is replaced by a 3-aminopropyl group.

S-adenosyl-3-thiopropylamine: decarboxylated S-adenosylhomocysteine; RN given refers to parent cpd
organic sulfide;
primary amino compound;
thioadenosine
n(4)-adenosyl-n(4)-methyl-2,4-diaminobutanoic acid
anisomycin(-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.

Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.
monohydroxypyrrolidine;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic
anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
protein synthesis inhibitor
nsc 401077NSC 401077: inhibits DNA methyltransferase DNMT1; structure in first source
s-adenosylhomocysteineS-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.

S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.
adenosines;
amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine derivative;
homocysteines;
organic sulfide
cofactor;
EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor;
epitope;
fundamental metabolite
decitabine2'-deoxyribonucleoside
jp-1302
rg108RG108: DNA methyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first sourceindolyl carboxylic acid
1,4,8-trimethyl-12-quinolino[2,3-b]quinolinamineaminoquinoline
polysulfide rubber
2-[2-methoxyethyl-(1-oxo-2-thiophen-2-ylethyl)amino]-N-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-2-(4-propan-2-ylphenyl)acetamidemonoterpenoid
kaempferol7-hydroxyflavonol;
flavonols;
tetrahydroxyflavone
antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
genistein7-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
cytochalasin bcytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.

Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.
cytochalasin;
lactam;
lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound
actin polymerisation inhibitor;
metabolite;
mycotoxin;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
pd 166285
pd-173952
psammaplin apsammaplin A: isolated from marine sponges Poecillastra and Jaspis; structure in second source
sgi-1027SGI-1027: inhibits DNA methyltransferase 1; structure in first source
bix 01294piperidines
glucopiericidin aglucopiericidin A: from Streptomyces pactum S48727 as co-metabolite of piericidin A(1); structure given in first source; glycoside antibiotic
unc 0638UNC 0638: inhibits lysine methyltransferases G9a and GLP; structure in first sourcequinazolines
wzb117WZB117: structure in first source
gsk343GSK343 : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1-isopropyl-1H-indazole-4-carboxamide in which the nitrogen of the carboxamide group is substituted by a (6-methyl-2-oxo-4-propyl-1,2-dihydropyridin-3-yl)methyl group and in which the indazole ring is substituted at position 6 by a 2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-4-yl group. A highly potent and selective EZH2 inhibitor (IC50 = 4 nM).

GSK343: an EZH2 methyltransferase inhibitor
aminopyridine;
indazoles;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridone;
secondary carboxamide
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.1.1.43 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2) inhibitor
6,7-dimethoxy-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-n-(5-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentyl)quinazolin-4-amine6,7-dimethoxy-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-N-(5-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentyl)quinazolin-4-amine: a SETD8 inhibitor; structure in first source
hesperadin