Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell differentiation. [GOC:obol]
Positive regulation of dendritic cell differentiation is a complex biological process that involves a coordinated interplay of various signaling pathways, transcription factors, and cytokines. It encompasses the series of molecular events that promote the development of mature dendritic cells (DCs) from their precursor cells, known as monocytes or lymphoid progenitors. This process is essential for the initiation and modulation of adaptive immune responses, enabling DCs to effectively capture, process, and present antigens to T cells, thereby triggering immune responses.
The initiation of DC differentiation is typically triggered by a variety of stimuli, including:
* **Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs):** DCs express PRRs, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from invading microbes. Upon PAMP recognition, TLR signaling activates downstream pathways that induce the expression of key transcription factors, such as NF-κB and IRF7, which are essential for DC differentiation.
* **Cytokines:** Several cytokines, notably granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), play crucial roles in promoting DC differentiation. These cytokines act by activating specific intracellular signaling pathways that lead to the induction of genes involved in DC development.
Once initiated, DC differentiation involves a series of complex molecular events:
* **Proliferation and survival:** Stimuli like PAMPs and cytokines trigger the proliferation and survival of DC precursor cells. This is mediated by the activation of signaling pathways that promote cell cycle progression and inhibit apoptosis.
* **Changes in morphology and function:** During differentiation, DC precursors undergo significant morphological changes, becoming more dendritic with extensive branching processes. They also acquire specialized functions, including increased antigen uptake, processing, and presentation capabilities.
* **Upregulation of surface molecules:** Differentiating DCs upregulate the expression of various surface molecules, including MHC class II, costimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86), and chemokine receptors (CCR7). These molecules are crucial for antigen presentation and migration to lymph nodes, where DCs interact with T cells to initiate immune responses.
* **Acquisition of effector functions:** Mature DCs acquire the ability to produce and secrete various cytokines, such as IL-12, which promote T cell activation and differentiation into effector cells.
The regulation of DC differentiation is tightly controlled by a complex network of signaling pathways, transcription factors, and cytokines. This intricate interplay ensures the development of DCs with appropriate properties to effectively initiate and modulate adaptive immune responses, enabling the immune system to combat pathogens and maintain immune homeostasis.'
"
Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
---|---|---|
Advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor | An advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q15109] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Galectin-3 | A galectin-3 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P17931] | Homo sapiens (human) |
High mobility group protein B1 | A high mobility group protein B1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P09429] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Galectin-1 | A galectin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P09382] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Galectin-9 | A galectin-9 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O00182] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
---|---|---|---|
salicylic acid | Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL). | monohydroxybenzoic acid | algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite |
quinolinic acid | pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan. Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS. | pyridinedicarboxylic acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist |
diflunisal | diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position. Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN. | monohydroxybenzoic acid; organofluorine compound | non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
lactose | beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form. Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry. | lactose | |
glycyrrhizic acid | glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid. | enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin | EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite |
methyl alpha-d-galactopyranoside | methyl alpha-D-galactoside : An alpha-D-galactoside having a methyl substituent at the anomeric position. methyl-galactopyranoside: structure in first source | alpha-D-galactoside; methyl D-galactoside; monosaccharide derivative | |
matrine | alkaloid | ||
methyl beta-galactoside | methyl beta-D-galactoside : A beta-D-galactopyranoside having a methyl substituent at the anomeric position. methyl beta-galactoside: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer methyl galactoside : A methyl glycoside in which the H of the OH group on C-1 of galactose is replaced by a methyl group. | beta-D-galactoside; methyl D-galactoside; monosaccharide derivative | |
thiodigalactoside | thiodigalactoside: RN given refers to beta-D-galactopyranoside (D-Gal)-isomer | ||
methyl lactoside | beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc-OMe : A methyl glycoside comprising methyl beta-D-glucoside having an beta-D-galactosyl residue at the 4-position. | disaccharide derivative; methyl glycoside | |
methotrexate | dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines | abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent | |
n-acetyllactosamine | N-acetyllactosamine : A beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the reducing end anomeric centre. N-acetyllactosamine: RN given refers to D-isomer | beta-D-Galp-(1->4)-D-GlcpNAc | |
galactose | alpha-D-galactoside : Any D-galactoside having alpha-configuration at its anomeric centre. | D-galactopyranose | mouse metabolite |
galactal | galactal: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure | anhydrohexose; glycal | |
allolactose | glycosylglucose | Escherichia coli metabolite | |
vilazodone | vilazodone : A 1-benzofuran that is 5-(piperazin-1-yl}-1-benzofuran-2-carboxamide having a (5-cyanoindol-3-yl)butyl group attached at position N-4 on the piperazine ring. Used for the treatment of major depressive disorder. | 1-benzofurans; indoles; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; nitrile | antidepressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
pf-2545920 | |||
fps-zm1 | FPS-ZM1: a neuroprotective agent and RAGE receptor antagonist; structure in first source | ||
n(delta)-(5-methyl-4-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl)ornithine | N(delta)-(5-methyl-4-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl)ornithine: RN given for (L)-isomer; structure in first source |