Page last updated: 2024-10-24

cortisol biosynthetic process

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cortisol, the steroid hormone 11-beta-17,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. Cortisol is synthesized from cholesterol in the adrenal gland and controls carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism and has anti-inflammatory properties. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:rl]

Cortisol biosynthesis is a complex process that takes place in the adrenal glands, specifically in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. It is a multi-step process that involves the conversion of cholesterol to cortisol. The process begins with the uptake of cholesterol into the adrenal cortex cells. Cholesterol is then transported to the mitochondria where it undergoes a series of enzymatic reactions catalyzed by specific enzymes. The first step involves the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone by the enzyme cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (CYP11A1). Pregnenolone is then transported to the endoplasmic reticulum where it undergoes further enzymatic reactions. The next step involves the conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone by the enzyme 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD). Progesterone is then converted to 17α-hydroxyprogesterone by the enzyme 17α-hydroxylase (CYP17A1). 17α-hydroxyprogesterone is then converted to 11-deoxycortisol by the enzyme 21-hydroxylase (CYP21A2). Finally, 11-deoxycortisol is converted to cortisol by the enzyme 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1). This final step takes place in the mitochondria. Cortisol is then released into the bloodstream and circulates throughout the body where it binds to its receptor, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Cortisol is a steroid hormone that plays a vital role in regulating a wide range of physiological processes, including metabolism, stress response, inflammation, and immune function. It is also essential for maintaining blood glucose levels and blood pressure.'
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Proteins (4)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Cytochrome P450 11B2, mitochondrialA cytochrome P450 11B that is a translation product of the CYP11B2 gene in human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P19099]Homo sapiens (human)
Cytochrome P450 11B2, mitochondrialA cytochrome P450 11B that is a translation product of the CYP11B2 gene in human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P19099]Homo sapiens (human)
Cytochrome P450 11B1, mitochondrialA cytochrome P450 11B that is a translation product of the CYP11B1 gene in human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P15538]Homo sapiens (human)
Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1HA voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1H that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O95180]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (33)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
tacrinetacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.
acridines;
aromatic amine
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
fluconazolefluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.

Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.
conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug
environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
ketoconazole1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
letrozolenitrile;
triazoles
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
metyraponemetyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.

Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.
aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
nimodipinenimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.

Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.
2-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
staurosporineindolocarbazole alkaloid;
organic heterooctacyclic compound
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
geroprotector
fadrozoleFadrozole: A selective aromatase inhibitor effective in the treatment of estrogen-dependent disease including breast cancer.imidazopyridine
mibefradilMibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.tetralinsT-type calcium channel blocker
azalanstatazalanstat: inhibits lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase, the enzyme which catalyzes the first step in conversion of lanosterol to cholesterol in mammals; structure given in first source
vexibinolsophoraflavanone G : A tetrahydroxyflavanone having a structure of naringenin bearing an additional hydroxyl substituent at position 2' as well as a (2R)-5-methyl-2-(prop-1-en-2-yl)hex-4-en-1-yl (lavandulyl) substituent at position 8'.

vexibinol: flavanol from Sophora; structure in first source; RN given refers to (S-(R*,S*))-isomer
(2S)-flavan-4-one;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
tetrahydroxyflavanone
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
1-benzylimidazole1-benzylimidazole: inhibits human thromboxane synthetase
abiraterone3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
pyridines
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor
ketoconazole(2R,4S)-ketoconazole : A cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine which dioxolane moiety has (2R,4S)-configuration.cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine
posaconazolearomatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxolanes;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles
trypanocidal drug
8-prenylnaringenin8-prenylnaringenin: a phytogenic antineoplastic agent; structure in first source

sophoraflavanone B : A trihydroxyflavanone that is (S)-naringenin having a prenyl group at position 8.
(2S)-flavan-4-one;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
trihydroxyflavanone
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
1-(phenylmethyl)benzimidazolebenzimidazoles
etomidateetomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.

Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.
ethyl ester;
imidazoles
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
1-[(3-methylphenyl)methyl]benzimidazolebenzimidazoles
flunarizineFlunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.diarylmethane
4-fluoro-N-(3-pyridinyl)benzamidecarbonyl compound;
organohalogen compound
4-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)benzonitrilebenzenes;
nitrile
2-phenoxy-N-[5-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]acetamidetetralins
(S)-4',5,7-Trihydroxy-6-prenylflavanoneflavanones
np 1188091-(4-benzhydrylpiperazin-1-yl)-3,3-diphenylpropan-1-one: an N-type calcium channel blocker; structure in first source
cilnidipine2-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug
vorozolevorozole: structure given in first source; vorozole/R 83842 is ((+)/dextro-isomer), RN 129731-10-8; R 83839 ((-)/levo-isomer)benzotriazoles
ith 4012
NNC 55-0396 (free base)benzimidazoles;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound;
tetralins
angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
neuroprotective agent;
potassium channel blocker;
T-type calcium channel blocker
nnc 55-0396NNC 55-0396 dihydrochloride : The dihydrochloride salt of NNC 55-0396. It is a stable analogue of mibefradil and a highly selective T-type calcium channel blocker.

NNC 55-0396: a calcium channel blocker with high selectivity for CaV3 channels over high voltage activated channels; structure in first source
hydrochlorideangiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
neuroprotective agent;
potassium channel blocker;
T-type calcium channel blocker
kys 05090
osilodrostatOsilodrostat: an orally active aldosterone-synthase inhibitor
ulixacaltamideZ944: a T-type calcium channel antagonistbenzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
piperidines;
secondary carboxamide
non-narcotic analgesic;
T-type calcium channel blocker