Target type: biologicalprocess
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cortisol, the steroid hormone 11-beta-17,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. Cortisol is synthesized from cholesterol in the adrenal gland and controls carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism and has anti-inflammatory properties. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:rl]
Cortisol metabolism is a complex process that involves the synthesis, release, transport, and inactivation of cortisol. Cortisol is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands in response to stress. It is synthesized from cholesterol in the adrenal cortex, a process that is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is a feedback loop that involves the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands. When the body is under stress, the hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH then stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce and release cortisol. Cortisol is transported in the bloodstream bound to corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) and albumin. It enters target cells and binds to intracellular glucocorticoid receptors (GRs), which are located in the cytoplasm. The cortisol-GR complex then translocates to the nucleus, where it binds to DNA and regulates gene expression. Cortisol is involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including: stress response, energy metabolism, immune function, inflammation, and blood pressure regulation. Cortisol is inactivated in the liver by a series of enzymes, primarily 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2). The inactive form of cortisol is excreted in the urine. Cortisol levels in the blood are regulated by a negative feedback loop. When cortisol levels rise, they suppress the release of CRH and ACTH, thus reducing cortisol production. Conversely, when cortisol levels fall, the release of CRH and ACTH is stimulated, leading to increased cortisol production.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Cytochrome P450 11B1, mitochondrial | A cytochrome P450 11B that is a translation product of the CYP11B1 gene in human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P15538] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, mitochondrial | A cytochrome P450 11A1, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P05108] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Cytochrome P450 11B2, mitochondrial | A cytochrome P450 11B that is a translation product of the CYP11B2 gene in human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P19099] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 2 | An 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P80365] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| aminoglutethimide | aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position. Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER. | dicarboximide; piperidones; substituted aniline | adrenergic agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor |
| fluconazole | fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis. Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS. | conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug | environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| ketoconazole | 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively. | dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine | |
| letrozole | nitrile; triazoles | antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor | |
| metyrapone | metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency. Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME. | aromatic ketone | antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor |
| glycyrrhetinic acid | cyclic terpene ketone; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid | immunomodulator; plant metabolite | |
| glycyrrhizic acid | glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid. | enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin | EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite |
| staurosporine | indolocarbazole alkaloid; organic heterooctacyclic compound | apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; geroprotector | |
| fadrozole | Fadrozole: A selective aromatase inhibitor effective in the treatment of estrogen-dependent disease including breast cancer. | imidazopyridine | |
| azalanstat | azalanstat: inhibits lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase, the enzyme which catalyzes the first step in conversion of lanosterol to cholesterol in mammals; structure given in first source | ||
| 1-benzylimidazole | 1-benzylimidazole: inhibits human thromboxane synthetase | ||
| 11-hydroxyprogesterone, (11alpha)-isomer | 11alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 11alpha-hydroxy steroid that is pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione substituted by a hydroxy group at position 11. | 11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid | |
| acetylglycyrrhetinic acid | acetylglycyrrhetinic acid: RN given refers to (3beta,20beta)-isomer | triterpenoid | |
| 3-oxoglycyrrhetinic acid | pentacyclic triterpenoid | ||
| abiraterone | 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; pyridines | antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor | |
| ketoconazole | (2R,4S)-ketoconazole : A cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine which dioxolane moiety has (2R,4S)-configuration. | cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine | |
| posaconazole | aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxolanes; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles | trypanocidal drug | |
| 1-(phenylmethyl)benzimidazole | benzimidazoles | ||
| carbenoxolone | |||
| etomidate | etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity. Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic. | ethyl ester; imidazoles | intravenous anaesthetic; sedative |
| 1-[(3-methylphenyl)methyl]benzimidazole | benzimidazoles | ||
| 4-fluoro-N-(3-pyridinyl)benzamide | carbonyl compound; organohalogen compound | ||
| 4-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)benzonitrile | benzenes; nitrile | ||
| 3-(1-adamantyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5h-(1,2,4)triazolo(4,3-a)azepine | |||
| vorozole | vorozole: structure given in first source; vorozole/R 83842 is ((+)/dextro-isomer), RN 129731-10-8; R 83839 ((-)/levo-isomer) | benzotriazoles | |
| bvt2733 | |||
| mk-0916 | MK-0916: structure in first source | ||
| pf 915275 | |||
| colletoic acid | colletoic acid: an 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor from Colletotrichum gloeosporioides; structure in first source | ||
| osilodrostat | Osilodrostat: an orally active aldosterone-synthase inhibitor | ||
| amg 221 | AMG 221: structure in first source |