D-amino acid catabolic process

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-amino acids, the D-enantiomers of amino acids. [GOC:ai, GOC:jsg]

D-amino acid catabolic process is the metabolic pathway responsible for the breakdown of D-amino acids, which are stereoisomers of the more common L-amino acids. This process is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and preventing the accumulation of potentially toxic D-amino acids.

D-amino acids can arise from various sources, including:

* **Bacterial synthesis:** Many bacteria synthesize D-amino acids as part of their cell wall structure.
* **Enzymatic racemization:** L-amino acids can be converted to D-amino acids by enzymatic racemization, which occurs in various tissues and organs.
* **Dietary intake:** Small amounts of D-amino acids can be ingested through food, primarily from fermented foods like cheese and yogurt.

D-amino acid catabolism involves a series of enzymatic reactions that convert D-amino acids into L-amino acids or other metabolic intermediates. The key enzymes involved in this process are:

* **D-amino acid oxidase (DAO):** This enzyme catalyzes the oxidative deamination of D-amino acids, producing α-keto acids and ammonia. DAO is found primarily in the liver and kidneys.
* **D-amino acid transaminase (DAT):** DAT catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from a D-amino acid to an α-keto acid, producing an L-amino acid and a new α-keto acid. DAT is found in various tissues, including the brain, liver, and kidneys.

The products of D-amino acid catabolism, such as α-keto acids and L-amino acids, can be further metabolized through various metabolic pathways, ultimately generating energy or being used for biosynthesis.

D-amino acid catabolism is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis by preventing the accumulation of D-amino acids, which can have detrimental effects on cell function. For example, high levels of D-serine have been implicated in neurotoxicity and the development of neurological disorders.

In addition to its role in cellular homeostasis, D-amino acid catabolism is also involved in various physiological processes, including:

* **Immune response:** D-amino acids play a role in the immune response by modulating the activity of immune cells.
* **Neurotransmission:** Some D-amino acids, such as D-serine and D-aspartate, act as neurotransmitters in the brain.
* **Bone metabolism:** D-amino acids are involved in the regulation of bone formation and resorption.

Overall, D-amino acid catabolism is a vital metabolic process that plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and regulating various physiological functions.'
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Proteins (3)

Compounds (36)