Page last updated: 2024-10-24

response to pH

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. [GOC:jl, Wikipedia:PH]

Response to pH is a fundamental biological process that enables organisms to maintain cellular homeostasis in the face of fluctuating environmental acidity or alkalinity. This intricate process involves a complex interplay of signaling pathways, sensor proteins, and effector mechanisms to detect and respond to changes in pH.

At the cellular level, specialized transmembrane proteins, known as pH sensors, are crucial for detecting changes in pH. These proteins often exhibit structural modifications in response to pH fluctuations, which trigger downstream signaling cascades. A wide range of sensor proteins exist, each adapted to different pH ranges and cellular compartments.

Once a pH change is detected, signaling pathways are activated. These pathways can involve a variety of signaling molecules, including second messengers, protein kinases, and transcription factors. The specific signaling pathway activated depends on the type of pH change, the cell type, and the organism.

The response to pH can manifest in various ways, including:

* **Regulation of gene expression:** Changes in pH can influence the expression of genes involved in acid-base balance, stress response, and other pH-sensitive processes. Transcription factors are often involved in mediating these transcriptional responses.
* **Ion transport:** Cells can regulate the movement of ions, such as H+, Na+, and K+, across their membranes to maintain intracellular pH homeostasis. Ion pumps and channels play crucial roles in this process.
* **Metabolic adjustments:** Changes in pH can alter metabolic pathways to compensate for changes in acid-base balance. For example, cells may increase the production of bicarbonate ions to neutralize excess acidity.
* **Cellular growth and development:** pH is a critical factor in regulating cellular growth and differentiation. Changes in pH can alter the expression of genes involved in these processes, leading to changes in cell size, shape, and function.

Overall, the response to pH is a highly dynamic and regulated process that is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and survival. This intricate interplay of sensors, signaling pathways, and effector mechanisms ensures that organisms can adapt to fluctuating pH environments and maintain proper cellular function.'
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Proteins (2)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 8An ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 8 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q09428]Homo sapiens (human)
Lysosomal acid glucosylceramidaseA lysosomal acid glucosylceramidase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P04062]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (57)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
ambroxolAmbroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.aromatic amine
diazoxidediazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.

Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.
benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
glyburideglyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.

Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea
anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
troglitazoneTroglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.chromanes;
thiazolidinone
anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
beta-glucono-1,5-lactonebeta-glucono-1,5-lactone: structure

D-glucono-1,5-lactone : An aldono-1,5-lactone obtained from D-gluconic acid.
aldono-1,5-lactone;
gluconolactone
animal metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1-deoxynojirimycin1-deoxy-nojirimycin: structure in first source

duvoglustat : An optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration.
2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol;
piperidine alkaloid
anti-HIV agent;
anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
n-cyano-n'-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-n''-(3-pyridinyl)guanidineN-cyano-N'-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-N''-(3-pyridinyl)guanidine: potassium channel openerpyridines
miglustatmiglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.

miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound
anti-HIV agent;
EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
repaglinidepiperidines
n-phenylphthalimideN-phenylphthalimide: structure given in first source
cromakalimCromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)
N-Benzylphthalimideisoindoles
rosiglitazoneaminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
1-(10h-phenothiazin-2-yl)ethanone1-(10H-phenothiazin-2-yl)ethanone: structure in first sourcephenothiazines
mor-14N-methyldeoxynojirimycin: glucosidase inhibitorhydroxypiperidine;
piperidine alkaloid;
tertiary amino compound
anti-HIV agent;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxy-nor-tropanecalystegine B(2): RN given for (2-endo,3-exo,4-endo)-isomer; structure in first source
mk 7675-((2,4-dioxo-5-thiazolidinyl)methyl)-2-methoxy-N-((4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)benzamide: an antihyperlipidemic agent that also functions as an insulin sensitizer, PPARalpha agonist, and PPARgamma agonist; structure in first source
homonojirimycinhomonojirimycin: inhibits alpha-glucosidase; RN given for (2R-(2alpha,3alpha,4beta,5alpha,6beta))-isomer; structure in first source
cyclophellitolcyclophellitol: structure given in first source; isolated from Phellinus sp.
zeneca zd 6169Zeneca ZD 6169: an ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener; structure given in first source
calystegine a3calystegine A3: also inhibits beta-xylosidase; structure in first source
miglitolpiperidines
cromakalim1-benzopyran
isofagominepiperidines
n-nonyl-1-deoxynojirimycinN-nonyldeoxynojirimycin : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin (duvoglustat) in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a nonyl group.hydroxypiperidine;
tertiary amino compound
antiviral agent;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.45 (glucosylceramidase) inhibitor
1-(1-benzimidazolyl)-3-(1-cyclohex-3-enylmethoxy)-2-propanolbenzimidazoles
2-(2-phenylethylthio)-3-pyridinecarboxylic acidaromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
4-(2-furanylmethyl)-3-(phenylmethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5-thionebenzenes
2-[[4-(4-chloroanilino)-6-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]ethanoldialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
4-(benzenesulfonamido)-N-(5-ethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzamidesulfonamide
tamoxifenstilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound
angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
4-oxido-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-4a,5,6,7,8,8a-hexahydroquinoxalin-1-ium 1-oxidearomatic ether
clamikalantclamikalant: inhibits ATP-sensitive potassium channel; structure in first source
2-[[4-(3-methylanilino)-6-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]ethanoldialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
N-(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-(pyridin-3-yl)quinazolin-4-amineN-(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-(pyridin-3-yl)quinazolin-4-amine : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline which is substituted by a pyridin-3-yl group and a (1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)nitrilo group at positions 2 and 4, respectively.aromatic amine;
piperidines;
pyridines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound
N-[4-methyl-2-(4-morpholinyl)-6-quinolinyl]cyclohexanecarboxamideaminoquinoline
zm226600ZM226600: an ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener; structure in first sourceanilide
n-(5-adamantane-1-yl-methoxy-pentyl)deoxynojirimycin
ogt2378sinbaglustat: an antineopl agent; structure in first source
way 133537
ly 465608LY 465608: a nonthiazolidinedione agonist of both PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma of Ligand Pharm. and Eli Lilly
nnc 26-9100NNC 26-9100: structure in first sourceaminopyridine
bm 131246
2-[[4-[2-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy]anilino]-6-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]ethanolaromatic ether
2-[[4-(5-chloro-2-methoxyanilino)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]ethanolmethoxybenzenes;
substituted aniline
2-[[4-(4-methylanilino)-6-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]ethanoldialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
2-[[4-(2-chloroanilino)-6-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]ethanoldialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
2-[[4-(2-methoxyanilino)-6-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]ethanolmethoxybenzenes;
substituted aniline
2-[[4-(3-methoxyanilino)-6-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]ethanolmethoxybenzenes;
substituted aniline
2-[[4-(4-methoxyanilino)-6-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]ethanolmethoxybenzenes;
substituted aniline
2-[[4-(2-hydroxyethylamino)-6-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]phenoldialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
2-[[4-(2-phenoxyanilino)-6-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]ethanolaromatic ether
2-[[4-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-6-[2-(trifluoromethoxy)anilino]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]ethanolaromatic ether
2-[[4-(5-chloro-2-ethoxyanilino)-6-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]ethanolaromatic ether
2-[[4-(5-chloro-2-propan-2-yloxyanilino)-6-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]ethanolaromatic ether
nn 414NN 414: a hypoglycemic agent with insulin release modulating and potassium channel activating activities; structure in first source
7-chloro-3-isopropylamino-4h-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide7-chloro-3-isopropylamino-4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide: activates ATP-sensitive potassium channels; structure in first source