D-aspartate import across plasma membrane

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The directed import of D-aspartate from the extracellular region across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. [PMID:7914198]

D-aspartate import across the plasma membrane is a crucial process for cellular function, involving the uptake of D-aspartate, a non-proteinogenic amino acid, from the extracellular environment into the cell. This transport is facilitated by specific membrane proteins known as D-aspartate transporters. These transporters act as gateways, selectively binding to D-aspartate molecules and mediating their passage across the hydrophobic barrier of the plasma membrane.

The precise mechanism of D-aspartate transport varies depending on the specific transporter involved. However, in general, these transporters operate through a process called facilitated diffusion, where the movement of D-aspartate is driven by its concentration gradient. This means that D-aspartate flows from an area of high concentration outside the cell to an area of lower concentration inside the cell, following the laws of thermodynamics.

The transport process typically involves the following steps:

1. Binding: D-aspartate molecules bind to the transporter protein on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane.
2. Conformational Change: The binding of D-aspartate induces a conformational change in the transporter protein, opening a pathway for the amino acid to cross the membrane.
3. Translocation: D-aspartate moves through the transporter protein into the intracellular space.
4. Release: Once inside the cell, D-aspartate dissociates from the transporter protein, allowing the transporter to return to its initial conformation and bind another molecule of D-aspartate.

D-aspartate import has significant biological implications. It plays a role in various cellular processes, including:

- Neurotransmission: D-aspartate is a potential neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, influencing neuronal activity and synaptic plasticity.
- Cell Signaling: D-aspartate can activate intracellular signaling pathways, leading to changes in gene expression and cellular behavior.
- Immune Function: D-aspartate has been implicated in immune responses, modulating the activity of immune cells.
- Hormonal Regulation: D-aspartate may affect hormone production and secretion, particularly in the endocrine system.

The regulation of D-aspartate transport is tightly controlled, ensuring an appropriate balance of D-aspartate levels within the cell. Factors influencing D-aspartate transport include:

- Substrate Concentration: The concentration of D-aspartate outside the cell influences the rate of transport.
- Transporter Expression: The number of transporter proteins on the cell membrane affects the overall transport capacity.
- Cellular Metabolism: The metabolic pathways that utilize D-aspartate inside the cell can influence the rate of import.
- Physiological Conditions: Factors such as pH, temperature, and the presence of other molecules can influence the activity of D-aspartate transporters.

In conclusion, D-aspartate import across the plasma membrane is a complex and tightly regulated process with significant biological implications. It involves the selective transport of D-aspartate into the cell by specialized membrane proteins, driven by its concentration gradient and influenced by various cellular and environmental factors. Understanding this process is crucial for comprehending the role of D-aspartate in cellular function, signaling, and organismal health.'
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Proteins (4)

Compounds (25)