D-alanine catabolic process
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-alanine, the D-enantiomer of the amino acid alanine. [GOC:ecd]
The D-alanine catabolic process is a metabolic pathway that breaks down D-alanine, a stereoisomer of the amino acid alanine, into pyruvate and ammonia. This process is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis and detoxifying harmful D-alanine, which can accumulate in the body due to various factors, including bacterial infections.
The breakdown of D-alanine typically occurs in two steps:
1. **D-alanine dehydrogenase (DAD) catalyzed oxidation:** The enzyme D-alanine dehydrogenase (DAD) catalyzes the oxidation of D-alanine to pyruvate, producing ammonia as a byproduct. This reaction requires NAD+ as an electron acceptor and is highly specific for D-alanine.
2. **Pyruvate utilization:** The generated pyruvate can then be utilized in various metabolic pathways, including glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, to produce energy or synthesize other essential biomolecules.
D-alanine catabolism plays a critical role in several physiological processes, including:
- **Amino acid metabolism:** It contributes to the breakdown and detoxification of D-alanine, which can accumulate in the body due to bacterial infections or dietary intake.
- **Bacterial growth inhibition:** D-alanine catabolism is essential for the growth of certain bacteria, as they require D-alanine for cell wall synthesis.
- **Immune system modulation:** The breakdown of D-alanine can affect the immune system's response to infections by influencing the production of cytokines and other immune mediators.
Dysregulation of D-alanine catabolism can lead to several pathological conditions, such as:
- **D-alanine accumulation:** Excessive D-alanine accumulation can contribute to the development of various diseases, including liver disorders, neurological conditions, and autoimmune diseases.
- **Bacterial infections:** Impaired D-alanine catabolism can enhance bacterial growth and increase the risk of infections.
Therefore, the D-alanine catabolic process is a vital metabolic pathway involved in maintaining cellular homeostasis, detoxifying harmful substances, and influencing the immune system response. Understanding its mechanisms and regulation is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies for various diseases and infections.'
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Proteins (1)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| D-amino-acid oxidase | A D-amino-acid oxidase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P14920] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (33)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| benzoic acid | aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent. Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. | benzoic acids | algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite |
| malonic acid | dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups. malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group. | alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid | human metabolite |
| niacin | Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms). | pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3 | antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent |
| kojic acid | 4-pyranones; enol; primary alcohol | Aspergillus metabolite; EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor; NF-kappaB inhibitor; skin lightening agent | |
| 3-hydroxy-2-oxoindole | 3-hydroxyindolin-2-one : An oxindole that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. 3-hydroxyindolin-2-one: structure in first source | hydroxyindoles; oxindoles | |
| thiophene-3-carboxylic acid | thiophene-3-carboxylic acid: structure in first source | ||
| 3-aminobenzoic acid | 3-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid carrying an amino group at position 3. 3-aminobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd | aminobenzoic acid | |
| adrenalone | adrenalone: RN given refers to parent cpd | aromatic ketone | |
| 5-chlorosalicylic acid | 5-chlorosalicylic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by chlorine. 5-chlorosalicylic acid: major metabolite of meseclazone; RN given refers to parent cpd | chlorobenzoic acid; monochlorobenzenes; monohydroxybenzoic acid | |
| 5-methylpyrazole-3-carboxylic acid | 5-methyl-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid : A memebr of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole with methyl and carboxylic acid group substituents at positions 5 and 3 respectively. 5-methylpyrazole-3-carboxylic acid: structure | monocarboxylic acid; pyrazoles | metabolite |
| 3-aminopyridine | |||
| thiophene-2-carboxylate | thiophene-2-carboxylic acid : A thiophenecarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. | thiophenecarboxylic acid | |
| 2-hydroxy benzimidazole | 2-hydroxy benzimidazole: structure in first source | ||
| 2-pyrrolecarboxylic acid | 2-pyrrolecarboxylic acid: hypocalcemic action; structure pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid : A pyrrolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-pyrrole carrying a carboxy substituent at position 2. | pyrrolecarboxylic acid | plant metabolite |
| 3-hydroxypicolinic acid | monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxypyridine | MALDI matrix material | |
| 3-hydroxy-1-benzopyran-2-one | 3-hydroxycoumarin: Photoprotective from sea urchin gametes and embryonic cells; structure in first source hydroxycoumarin : Any coumarin carrying at least one hydroxy substituent. | hydroxycoumarin | |
| oxiniacic acid | aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines | ||
| 6-aminonicotinic acid | 6-aminonicotinic acid : An aminonicotinic acid in which the amino group is situated at position 6 of the pyridine ring. 6-aminonicotinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd | aminonicotinic acid; aminopyridine; aromatic amine | metabolite |
| 2,3-dihydroxypyridine | 2,3-dihydroxypyridine: affects thyroid function pyridine-2,3-diol : A dihydroxypyridine in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 2 and 3. | dihydroxypyridine | |
| 5-hydroxynicotinic acid | aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines | ||
| 5-fluorosalicylic acid | 5-fluorosalicylic acid: structure given in first source; product from action of alkaline phosphatase on 5-fluorosalicyl phosphate; forms highly fluorescent terbium ternary complex | ||
| indole-2-carboxylic acid | indolyl carboxylic acid | ||
| 2-aminonicotinic acid | 2-aminonicotinic acid : An aminonicotinic acid in which the amino group is situated at position 2 of the pyridine ring. 2-aminonicotinic acid: structure in first source aminonicotinic acid : An aromatic amino acid that is nicotinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the pyridine ring is replaced by an amino group. A 'closed class'. | aminonicotinic acid; aminopyridine | metabolite |
| 3-aminopicolinic acid | |||
| 5-aminonicotinic acid | 5-aminonicotinic acid : An aminonicotinic acid in which the amino group is situated at position 5 of the pyridine ring. 5-aminonicotinic acid: an inhibitor of D-aspartate oxidase; structure in first source | aminonicotinic acid; aminopyridine; aromatic amine | metabolite |
| crotonic acid | butenoic acid : Any C4, straight-chain fatty acid containing one double bond. crotonic acid : A but-2-enoic acid with a trans- double bond at C-2. It has been isolated from Daucus carota. crotonic acid: a stereospecific unsaturated carboxylic acid found in CROTON OIL | 2-butenoic acid | plant metabolite |
| 3-coumaric acid | 3-coumaric acid : A monohydroxycinnamic acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-3 of the phenyl ring. 3-coumaric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation in Chemline trans-3-coumaric acid : A 3-coumaric acid that is phenol substituted with trans-2-propenoic acid at position C-3. | 3-coumaric acid | |
| pseudoginsenoside f11 | |||
| 3-hydroxyquinolin-2(1h)-one | 3-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one: structure in first source dihydroxyquinoline : Any hydroxyquinoline in which the number of hydroxy substituents is specified as two. | hydroxyquinoline; quinolone | |
| 6-Chlorobenzo[d]isoxazol-3-ol | benzisoxazole | ||
| ceftriaxone | 1,2,4-triazines; 1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether | antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor | |
| mofegiline | |||
| sun |