Target type: biologicalprocess
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline. [GOC:jp]
Phosphatidylcholine catabolism is a critical cellular process that involves the breakdown of phosphatidylcholine (PC), a major phospholipid component of cell membranes. This process is tightly regulated and plays a role in various cellular functions, including membrane remodeling, signal transduction, and lipid metabolism.
The catabolism of PC primarily occurs through two main pathways:
1. **Hydrolysis by phospholipase enzymes:** Phospholipases, such as phospholipase A2 (PLA2), cleave the fatty acyl chain at the sn-2 position of PC, generating lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and a free fatty acid. LPC can be further hydrolyzed by lysophospholipase to produce glycerophosphocholine (GPC) and a second free fatty acid.
2. **Degradation via the CDP-choline pathway:** This pathway involves the conversion of PC to CDP-choline, which can then be utilized in the synthesis of other phospholipids or degraded further to choline and cytidine diphosphate (CDP).
**Specific details of each pathway:**
**Hydrolysis by phospholipase enzymes:**
- PLA2 is a family of enzymes that hydrolyze the sn-2 fatty acyl chain of phospholipids, including PC.
- PLA2 activity is regulated by various factors, including calcium levels, pH, and the presence of specific protein cofactors.
- PLA2-mediated hydrolysis of PC generates LPC, a bioactive molecule that plays a role in cell signaling and inflammation.
- Lysophospholipase further degrades LPC to GPC, a precursor for choline synthesis.
**Degradation via the CDP-choline pathway:**
- PC is first activated by phosphorylation by choline kinase to form phosphocholine.
- Phosphocholine is then reacted with cytidine triphosphate (CTP) to form CDP-choline by CDP-choline synthase.
- CDP-choline can be utilized for the synthesis of other phospholipids, such as phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositol.
- Alternatively, CDP-choline can be hydrolyzed by CDP-choline hydrolase to yield choline and CDP.
**Overall, the catabolism of PC is a complex and essential cellular process that plays a vital role in membrane remodeling, signal transduction, and lipid metabolism. Dysregulation of PC catabolism has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Understanding the mechanisms of PC catabolism is crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies targeting these diseases.**'
"
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Cytosolic phospholipase A2 | A cytosolic phospholipase A2 that is encoded in the genome of cow. [OMA:A4IFJ5, PRO:DNx] | Bos taurus (cattle) |
| Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 2 | An ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q13822] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase | A platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q13093] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Cytosolic phospholipase A2 | A cytosolic phospholipase A2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P47712] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Phospholipase A2 group V | A phospholipase A2 group V that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P39877] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Hepatic triacylglycerol lipase | A hepatic triacylglycerol lipase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P11150] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| 85/88 kDa calcium-independent phospholipase A2 | An 85/88 kDa calcium-independent phospholipase A2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O60733] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Group 10 secretory phospholipase A2 | A group 10 secretory phospholipase A2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O15496] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| ly 171883 | LY 171883: structure in first source; leukotriene receptor antagonist tomelukast : A member of the class of acetophenones that is 1-phenylethanone substituted at position 2 by a hydroxy group, a propyl group at position 3 and a 4-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy group at position 4. A leukotriene antagonist, it exhibits anti-asthmatic activity. | acetophenones; aromatic ether; phenols; tetrazoles | anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist |
| vitamin k 3 | Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo. | 1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical |
| raloxifene | raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. | 1-benzothiophenes; aromatic ketone; N-oxyethylpiperidine; phenols | bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator |
| 1,6-bis(cyclohexyloximinocarbonyl)hexane | 1,6-bis(cyclohexyloximinocarbonyl)hexane: selective inhibitor of canine platelet diglyceride lipase | carbamate ester; organonitrogen compound | |
| vorinostat | vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL). Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME. | dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor |
| ici 204,219 | zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist | carbamate ester; indoles; N-sulfonylcarboxamide | anti-asthmatic agent; leukotriene antagonist |
| 5,5-dimethylhydantoin | 5,5-dimethylhydantoin: RN given refers to parent cpd | imidazolidine-2,4-dione | |
| benzenesulfonamide | sulfonamide | ||
| evans blue | Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence. Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly. | organic sodium salt | fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent |
| plumbagin | plumbagin : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively. plumbagin: a superoxide anion generator | hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone; phenols | anticoagulant; antineoplastic agent; immunological adjuvant; metabolite |
| congo red | Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0. Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS. | bis(azo) compound | |
| wy 48252 | Wy 48252: leukotriene D4 antagonist | ||
| 4-[1-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-phenylbut-1-enyl]phenol | stilbenoid | ||
| spiroglumide | spiroglumide: a CCK receptor antagonist; antigastrin; structure given in first source | ||
| benzeneboronic acid | boronic acids | ||
| 3-aminobenzeneboronic acid | |||
| dioctanoylphosphatidic acid | dioctanoylphosphatidic acid: structure given in first source | 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate; octanoate ester | |
| 3-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propanone | 3-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propanone: a pesticide synergist; inhibits juvenile hormone esterase | ||
| varespladib | aromatic ether; benzenes; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; indoles; monocarboxylic acid; primary carboxamide | anti-inflammatory drug; antidote; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor | |
| 4-methoxyphenylboronic acid | 4-methoxyphenylboronic acid: structure in first source | ||
| tamoxifen | stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator | |
| orlistat | orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug. Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity. | beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative | anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor |
| arachidonyltrifluoromethane | AACOCF3 : A fatty acid derivative that is arachidonic acid in which the OH part of the carboxy group has been replaced by a trifluoromethyl group arachidonyltrifluoromethane: structure given in first source; inhibits 85-kDa phospholipase A2 | fatty acid derivative; ketone; olefinic compound; organofluorine compound | EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor |
| amentoflavone | biflavonoid; hydroxyflavone; ring assembly | angiogenesis inhibitor; antiviral agent; cathepsin B inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; plant metabolite | |
| lysophosphatidic acid | 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class. lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd | 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate | |
| ubistatin a | ubistatin A: inhibits cyclin B proteolysis and degradation of ubiquitinated Sic1; structure in first source | ||
| ochnaflavone | ochnaflavone : A biflavonoid with an ether linkage between the B-rings of the apigenin and luteolin subunits. It has been isolated from several members of the Ochnaceae plant family. ochnaflavone: from Lonicera japonica; structure given in first source | aromatic ether; biflavonoid; hydroxyflavone | anti-inflammatory agent; antiatherogenic agent; antibacterial agent; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist; plant metabolite |
| manoalide | manoalide : A sesterterpenoid isolated from the marine sponge Luffariella variabilis and which has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity towards phospholipase A2. manoalide: phospholipase A2 inhibitor; sesterterpene from marine sponge L. variabilis; structure given in first source | butenolide; lactol; sesterterpenoid | EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; metabolite |
| ursodoxicoltaurine | tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid. | bile acid taurine conjugate | anti-inflammatory agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent |
| ym 26734 | YM 26734: inhibits group II phospholipase A2; structure given in first source | ||
| efipladib | efipladib: structure in first source | ||
| indoxam | indoxam: structure in first source | ||
| darapladib | darapladib: a selective lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)) inhibitor, on biomarkers of cardiovascular (CV) risk | ||
| sb-435495 | SB-435495: structure in first source | ||
| methyl arachidonylfluorophosphonate | phosphonic ester | ||
| pyrrophenone | pyrrophenone: structure in first source | ||
| 14-methyl-20-oxa-5,7,14,26-tetraazatetracyclo(19.3.1.1(2,6).1(8,12))heptacosa-1(25),2(26),3,5,8(27),9,11,16,21,23-decaene | 14-methyl-20-oxa-5,7,14,26-tetraazatetracyclo(19.3.1.1(2,6).1(8,12))heptacosa-1(25),2(26),3,5,8(27),9,11,16,21,23-decaene: has antineoplastic activity; also inhibits Fms-like tyrosine kinase-3; structure in first source | ||
| pf 8380 | |||
| ono-8430506 | ONO-8430506: an autotaxin inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
| xen445 |