Page last updated: 2024-10-24

cholesterol storage

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]

Cholesterol storage is a complex biological process involving the uptake, transport, and accumulation of cholesterol within cells. The process begins with the absorption of dietary cholesterol from the small intestine, where it is incorporated into micelles and absorbed by enterocytes. Cholesterol is then packaged into chylomicrons, lipoprotein particles that transport it to the liver and other tissues. The liver plays a crucial role in cholesterol metabolism, synthesizing approximately 80% of the body's cholesterol. Cholesterol is transported throughout the body via lipoproteins, primarily low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). LDLs deliver cholesterol to cells, while HDLs transport excess cholesterol back to the liver for excretion. Within cells, cholesterol is stored in intracellular compartments called lipid droplets. These droplets are enclosed by a phospholipid monolayer and contain a variety of lipids, including cholesterol esters, triglycerides, and phospholipids. The formation and maintenance of lipid droplets involve a complex interplay of proteins, including Perilipin, Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), and Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL). These proteins regulate the hydrolysis of stored triglycerides and the release of free fatty acids and glycerol. The amount of cholesterol stored in cells is carefully regulated by a feedback mechanism. When intracellular cholesterol levels are high, the synthesis of new cholesterol is inhibited, and the uptake of LDL cholesterol is reduced. Conversely, when intracellular cholesterol levels are low, cholesterol synthesis is stimulated, and LDL uptake is increased. Cholesterol storage is essential for maintaining cell membrane fluidity and integrity, synthesizing steroid hormones, and producing bile acids. Dysregulation of cholesterol storage can lead to the accumulation of cholesterol in blood vessels, contributing to the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.'
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Proteins (3)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Lysosomal acid lipase/cholesteryl ester hydrolaseA lysosomal acid lipase/cholesteryl ester hydrolase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P38571]Homo sapiens (human)
Sterol O-acyltransferase 1A sterol O-acyltransferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P35610]Homo sapiens (human)
Sterol O-acyltransferase 2A sterol O-acyltransferase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O75908]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (33)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
diethyl pyrocarbonatediethyl pyrocarbonate : The diethyl ester of dicarbonic acid.

Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.
acyclic carboxylic anhydride
procainamideprocainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.

Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.
benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
edrophonium chlorideedrophonium chloride : The chloride salt of edrophonium. A reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes), it is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.chloride salt;
quaternary ammonium salt
antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
territrem bterritrem B: tremorgenic mycotoxin from Aspergillus terreus; RN given refers to (4aR-(4aalpha,6abeta,12aalpha,12bbeta))-isomer
pd 128042PD 128042: structure given in first sourceanilide
cl 277082CL 277082: structure given in first source
1,4-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(3-phenylpropyl)-2-azetidinone1,4-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(3-phenylpropyl)-2-azetidinone: an inhibitor of cholesterol absorption; structure given in first source
atractylenolide iiiatractylenolide III: from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz; structure in first sourcenaphthofuranmetabolite
avasimibemonoterpenoid
22s-hydroxycholesterol(22S)-22-hydroxycholesterol : An oxysterol that is the 22S-hydroxy derivative of cholesterol.22-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
oxysterol
f 1394F 1394: an acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inibitor; structure given in first source
oleic acidoleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.

Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed)
octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
beta-hydroxyisovalerylshikonin
shikoninshikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activitieshydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
carbenoxolone
pactimibe
linoleic acidlinoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.

Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
octadecadienoic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid
algal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
plant metabolite
oleylamidealiphatic amide : A carboxamide in which the amide linkage is bonded directly to an aliphatic system.

oleamide : A fatty amide derived from oleic acid.

oleylamide: plastic additive; can cause contact urticaria; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; a sleep inducing factor
primary fatty amidehuman metabolite;
plant metabolite
muromonab-cd3cudraflavone B : An extended flavonoid that consists of a pyranochromane skeleton that is 2H,6H-pyrano[3,2-g]chromen-6-one substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2, a 2,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at position 8, a hydroxy group at position 5 and a prenyl group at position 7. Isolated from Morus alba and Morus species it exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.

cudraflavone B: antiproliferative from Cudrania tricuspidata
extended flavonoid;
pyranochromane;
trihydroxyflavone
anti-inflammatory agent;
plant metabolite
macluraxanthone bmacluraxanthone B : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthen-9-one substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, a dimethylallyl group at position 2 and a prenyl group at position 4. Isolated from Maclura tinctoria and Cudrania tricuspidata, it exhibits anti-HIV and antineoplastic activity.

macluraxanthone B: from the plant Maclura tinctoria; structure in first source
phenols;
xanthones
anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
oleoylanilideoleoylanilide: alters lipid metabolism of lung & adipose tissue; do not confuse with oleoanilide; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer

oleylanilide : The fatty amide resulting from the formal condensation of oleic acid and aniline.
anilide;
fatty amide
Pipercidebenzodioxoles
linoleamidelinoleamide : A fatty amide obtained from linoleic acid.

linoleamide: C18-H33-N-O
primary fatty amidehuman metabolite
manzamine amanzamine A : An alkaloid of the class of beta-carbolines isolated from Haliclona and Acanthostrongylophora. It exhibits inhibitory activity against Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (EC 2.7.11.26).

manzamine A: RN given refers to (1R-(1R*,9Z,13S*,13aR*,20aR*,21aR*)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92
alkaloid;
beta-carbolines;
isoquinolines
animal metabolite;
anti-HSV-1 agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor;
marine metabolite
eflucimibeeflucimibe: a powerful and systemic acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor
arisugacinarisugacin A : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 4a,12a-dihydroxy-4,4,6a,12b-tetramethyl-4a,6,6a,12,12a,12b-hexahydro-4H,11H-benzo[f]pyrano[4,3-b]chromene-1,11(5H)-dione substituted by 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl group at position 9 (the 4aR,6aR,12aS,12bS steroisomer). Isolated from the culture broth of Penicillium, it acts as a selective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase.

arisugacin: isolated from Penicillium sp. FO-4259; structure given in first source
aromatic ether;
delta-lactone;
enone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
Penicillium metabolite
manassantin bmanassantin B : A lignan isolated from Saururus cernuus and Saururus chinensis and has been shown to exhibit antineoplastic activity.

manassantin B: isolated from the roots of Saururus chinensis; structure in first source
benzodioxoles;
dimethoxybenzene;
lignan;
oxolanes;
secondary alcohol
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
cudraxanthone lcudraxanthone L: from the root bark of Cudrania tricuspidata; structure in first source
pyripyropene apyripyropene A : A sesquiterpenoid that consists of (3S,4R,4aR,6S,6aS,12R,12aS,12bS)-4-(acetoxymethyl)-12-hydroxy-4,6a,12b-trimethyl-11-oxo-9-(pyridin-3-yl)-1,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,12,12a,12b-decahydro-2H,11H-benzo[f]pyrano[4,3-b]chromene-3,6-diol in which the hydrogens of the 3- and 6-hydroxy functions are substituted by acetyl groups.

pyripyropene A: from Aspergillus fumigatus FO-1289; structure given in first source
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
sesquiterpenoid
acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 inhibitor;
metabolite
cudraflavanone acudraflavanone A: antineoplastic from Cudrania tricuspidata; structure in first source
azd7687AZD7687: structure in first source
manassantin amanassantin A : A lignan isolated from Saururus cernuus and Saururus chinensis and has been shown to exhibit antineoplastic activity.

manassantin A: a dineolignan from Saururus cernuus; structure in first source
lalistat 2